The Mental Maps of the Blind: The Role of Previous Visual Experience

Dodds, Allan G.; Howarth, Clare; Carter, D. C.

doi:10.1177/0145482x8207600102

Cited by 99 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Modeling human way-finding without sight promises to be even more complex. Assessments of dead reckoning by blind or blindfolded, sighted individuals on paths of relatively minimal complexity show substantial error (for example, Dodds, Howarth, and Carter 1982;Klatzky et al 1990;Lindberg and Girling 1981;Worchel 1951). In direct contrast to the present work, most theories of human navigation have emphasized the importance of visual updating based on landmark information, along with the development of survey representations (for example, Golledge et al 1985;Hirtle and Jonides 1985;Siege1 and White 1975).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

A Minimal Representation for Dead‐Reckoning Navigation: Updating the Homing Vector

Fujita

Loomis

Klatzky

et al. 1990

Geographical Analysis

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A number of organisms are capable of traveling directly back to the origin of locomotion afer following a circuitous outbound path, using dead-reckoning navigation. We describe a minimal representation that could be used for such navigation. It involves keeping track of only the polar coordinates of the origin of locomotion with respect to the observer's current location. An exact solution is provided first, followed by a simplij?ed solution, then a solution involving linearization of trigonometric functions. The paper also examines pegormance attainable with these solutions and briefly considers ways in which the model might be modij?ed to account fbr human navigation without reference to landmarks.The present paper concerns what is called path integration or dead-reckoning navigation. By this process, the navigator attempts to keep track of his/her position in some coordinate system solely on the basis of information about self-motion (Mittelstaedt and Mittelstaedt 1982); no reference is made to external cues. In contrast, most navigation by humans and nonhuman species depends on the sensing of external signals about position and orientation (Able ). These signals derive from the earth's magnetic field, wind, ocean currents, celestial bodies, and landmarks on the earth's surface.As both near and far space is further explored, and as more complex systems for observing the earth from space come into existence, ever more sophisticated navigational aids are being developed. Examples include global positioning systems (GPS) and geographic information systems (GIS) (Kunzig 1988). Navigational

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

A Minimal Representation for Dead‐Reckoning Navigation: Updating the Homing Vector

Fujita

Loomis

Klatzky

et al. 1990

Geographical Analysis

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“…Las ciegos, por el contrario, dependen más de las representaciones, de los razonamientos inductivos que hagan de su percepción, que obligatoriamente es serial y fragmentaria (Hollyfield y Foulke, 1983). Pero lo dicho hasta aquí no significa que los ciegos sean incapaces de moverse en rutas desconocidas, las diferentes investigaciones que se han realizado han puesto de manifiesto que los ciegos, incluso los que lo son desde el nacimiento, son capaces de elaborar «mapas cognitivos» o «representaciones topográficas» de los ambientes en que se mueven (Casey, 1978;Rieser, Lockman y Pick, 1980;Dodds, Howarth y Carter, 1982;Hollyfiel y Foulke, 1983). Son capaces también de aprender la estructura de una nueva ruta casi con la misma rapidez que los videntes y pueden, basándose únicamente en el razonamiento, colocar ciertos mojones correctamente sin haberlos percibido (Hollyfield y Foulke, 1983).…”

Section: Representación Espacial Y Mapas Cognitivosunclassified

“…La externalización de las representaciones espaciales de los sujetos, es decir, las distintas formas de objetivar sus representaciones del entorno, en el caso de los ciegos, por razones obvias, se hace más difícil que con los videntes. Distintos experimentos han conseguido adaptar técnicas de dibujo que fuesen útiles a los invidentes para representar una ruta (Dodds, Howarth y Carter, 1982). Otros autores han resuelto ese problema evaluando la precisión de esas representaciones por medio de estimaciones de distancias (Lockman, Rieser y Pick, 1981), o utilizando descripciones y cuestionarios verbales (Rosencranz y Suslick, 1976).…”

Section: Representación Espacial Y Mapas Cognitivosunclassified

“…Estos autores intentan establecer de forma solamente especulativa el rango de edad en la cual la experiencia visual que se tenga puede ser suficiente para una buena actualización perceptiva, y cifran en los ocho primeros años de la vida como el tiempo mínimo imprenscindible para tal actualización. En otro estudio de rutas Dodds, Howarth y Carter (1982), encontraron que a la hora externalizar el camino recorrido, los ciegos congénitos tendían a adoptar en su mayoría una estrategia más primitiva que la que usaban los ciegos tardíos, esto es, una estrategia de codificación egocéntrica 2 Hay que destacar que en este experimento el número de sujetos fue muy reducido y que de cinco ciegos congénitos uno sí fue capaz de adoptar estategias parecidas a los invidentes del otro grupo.…”

Section: Influencia De La Experiencia Visualunclassified

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Conocimiento del espacio, representación y movilidad en las personas ciegas

Ochaíta

Martínez

1988

Infancia y Aprendizaje

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ResumenEn este artículo se realiza una revisión exhaustiva y crítica de la literatura psicológica sobre el conocimiento del entorno en las personas invidentes. Se revisan los problemas que plantea la falta de visión en la actividad, representación y conocimiento de espacios cercanos (a los que el ciego accede con el tacto) y de entornos lejanos (en los que necesita movilidad), así como las diferentes técnicas de entrenamiento en movilidad y conocimiento espacial. En las conclusiones se exponen los problemas fundamentales que todavía hoy quedan sin aclarar y que, por consiguiente precisan de ulteriores investigaciones. AbstractIn Mis article the psychological literature on Me blind's environmental knowledge is critically reviewed Topics such as Me pro blems posed by lack of sight on Me representation, knowledge and activity in dore space (where Me blind have to work tactually) and in distant environment (in which deambulation is necessaiy) are reviewed, as well as training technics for rnobility and for improving the spacial knowledge of the blind. Finally, areas in which more research is needed are presented and dilicussed.

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“…As sighted people, we have very little knowledge about how blind people perceive large-scale urban environments and how they acquire spatial information of such complex urban environments. Studies in the literature have mainly concentrated on small-scale spaces (Dodds, Howarth, & Carter, 1982;Gaunet & Briffault, 2005;Herman, Herman, & Chatman, 1983;Leonard & Newman, 1967;Passini & Proulx, 1988;Saerberg, 2010). In this study, we focused on how blind people collect spatial information during way-finding processes in urban settings.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Way‐finding strategies of blind persons in urban scale

Kan-Kilic

Doğan

2017

PsyCh Journal

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The aim of this study was to determine whether urban environments with different prominent sensory inputs have an impact on the way-finding strategies of blind people and to identify these impacts, where applicable. We specifically investigated how blind people use their senses to compensate for the lack of visual information and how the priority of senses changes according to the urban context. The participants of the study consisted of nine congenitally blind individuals and the study took place in two urban settings: a dense urban district, Kemeralti district in İzmir; and an urban park, the İzmir Fair Park. During the learning phase, a first trial along the selected routes was conducted for each participant individually along with one of the researchers. In the test phase, the participants were requested to re-walk the route and verbally report the environmental cues they attended to. The participants' verbal reports were recorded and transcripts of the recordings were coded according to the environmental sensory inputs. In addition, the short-term memory of each participant was also evaluated. The results show that the characteristics of the urban environment seem to have an impact on way-finding strategies of blind individuals. It was found that the sound of the city and the echo from the environment are the most important factors for blind participants in the dense urban environment. Environmental boundaries provided echoes and gave a sense of enclosure that helped them orient themselves, whereas, in the park environment, the sense of enclosure was not enhanced due to a lack of boundaries in the environment.

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The Mental Maps of the Blind: The Role of Previous Visual Experience

Cited by 99 publications

References 4 publications

A Minimal Representation for Dead‐Reckoning Navigation: Updating the Homing Vector

A Minimal Representation for Dead‐Reckoning Navigation: Updating the Homing Vector

Conocimiento del espacio, representación y movilidad en las personas ciegas

Way‐finding strategies of blind persons in urban scale

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