The menopause and its treatment in perspective

Al‐Azzawi, Farook

doi:10.1136/pmj.77.907.292

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Similar individual variation in declining fertility that is pruned out by mortality in chimpanzees is preserved by greater longevity in humans. This individual variation, especially important to women who are delaying pregnancy, is obscured by emphasis on average age at last birth or average age at menopause 30,31,38,39 . Perhaps paradoxically, a grandmother hypothesis to explain the evolution of human longevity contributes to exploring this heterogeneity in fertility, confirming the continuing utility of this working hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The issue here is the biphasic model proposed to characterize depletion rates in women. In the most widely cited model, an initial exponential rate of loss persists to the late 30s and then accelerates to reduce stocks to menopause levels around the age of 50 15,30,31 . The sharp rate change in the late 30s is interpreted as possible evidence of a shift from later ages of menopause in the past 15‐18 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do women stop early? Similarities in fertility decline in humans and chimpanzees

Hawkes

Smith

2010

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Two kinds of evidence suggest that female fertility may end at an earlier age in modern people than in ancestral populations or in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees. We investigate both to see whether fertility schedules or ovarian follicle counts falsify the alternative hypothesis that the age of terminal fertility changed little in the human lineage while greater longevity evolved due to grandmother effects. We use 19th century Utah women to represent non-contracepting humans, and compare their fertility by age with published records for wild chimpanzees. Then we revisit published counts of ovarian follicular stocks in both species. Results show wide individual variation in age at last birth and oocyte stocks in both humans and chimpanzees. This heterogeneity, combined with interspecific differences in adult mortality, has large and opposing effects on fertility schedules. Neither realized fertility nor rates of follicular atresia stand as evidence against the hypothesis that ages at last birth changed little while greater longevity evolved in our lineage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do women stop early? Similarities in fertility decline in humans and chimpanzees

Hawkes

Smith

2010

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…With a life expectancy of about 80 years, most women are expected to spend one third to one half of their lives as postmenopausal women 1. Middle age is frequently seen as a marker of decline in women’s health, and the most remarkable phase for most women is that of hormonal changes and their associated effects 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise prescription for Iranian midlife women

Najmabadi

2010

IJGM

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Objectives:The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of a multimodal intervention (including the Women’s Wellness Program) on increasing levels of physical activity in Iranian midlife women.Study design:This 12-week study was conducted in women aged 50–65 years living in the general population. Women who were allocated to the intervention group (n = 40) received an intervention, which combined a multimodal program of physical activity and health education. Women in the control group continued their normal physical activities (n = 45).Mean outcome measure:The women completed a questionnaire that included measures for items of interest for this analysis, such as menopausal status, sociodemographic, and exercise and activity levels.Results:Analysis of covariance indicated that the intervention was effective in improving women’s physical activity. The test showed that there was a significant difference between intervention and control in current vigorous activity.Conclusion:Physical activity should be encouraged for prevention and reduction of risks for chronic disease and for improvement of health in midlife women. The multimodal intervention program may offer implications for designing and implementing exercise interventions in further studies.

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“…With the increase in life expectancy, women live a third of their lives under a state of estrogen deficiency; soon the consequences of this deficiency become relevant for the quality of life of postmenopausal women 1,2 . The characteristic symptoms of the postmenopausal period are hot flashes, sweats, dyspareunia, urogenital atrophies and depression 3,4 . Chronic estrogen deficiency can cause osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which is the leading cause of death and a major contributor to disability in women 5,6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, the hormone replacement therapy (HRT) usually involves estrogen combined with progestogen and has the objective of treating the symptoms of menopause and preventing osteoporosis to increase the quality of postmenopausal women's life 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%