The meek Hindu; the recruitment of Indian indentured labourers for service overseas, 1870–1916

Enough With “Human-AI Collaboration”

“…European empires indulged themselves in this morality-laundering throughout Africa and Asia. The British, who still boast of their role in "abolishing" slavery, "found in the meek Hindu a ready substitution for the negro slave he had lost" [15], exporting over a million indentured labourers from India. The 1860 Dutch novel Max Havelaar, by Multatuli (pen name of Eduard Douwes Dekker), follows in the footsteps of Fox's pamphlets.…”

Bordering intimacy

“…In colonies from South Africa and Australia to the Caribbean and Pacific Island states such as Fiji, missionaries and colonial administrators alike continuously raised concerns about the immorality, promiscuity and litigious behaviour of indentured labourers. Reports increasingly circulated in the 1870s and again in the 1900s regarding the behaviour and moral conduct of Indian labourers in labour camps and on plantations (Emmer 1986). This led to the 1875 Indian Ports Act, and later the 1883 Indian Emigration Act and the monitoring of Indian ports of exit, as well as more localised forms of containment (i.e.…”

The Development and Demise of Child Labour in a Javanese Tea Plantation, 1900–2010

“…Their choice was either to stay in their home village and sooner or later get into trouble or to go to the isolated plantation up in the hill to amend their poor socio-economic condition (cf. Galenson, 1984;Emmer 1986). In the eyes of the landless and unemployed bachelors, the lonely plantation was a save harbour compared to the economically difficult situation in their home villages.…”