“…Multiple neural networks in brain areas, activated by both hormonal and environmental inputs, mediate maternal care/motivation and affective processing (Keyser‐Marcus et al., 2001; Kim & Strathearn, 2016; Lee & Brown, 2002; Lonstein et al., 2015; Numan & Stolzenberg, 2009; Sato et al., 2010; Terkel et al., 1979; Uriarte et al., 2020) as well as maternal aggression (Bosch & Neumann et al., 2010; Gammie, 2005; Gammie & Nelson, 2001; Haller, 2018; Hasen & Gammie, 2005, 2006; Kohl et al., 2017). In rodents, the medial preoptic area (MPOA)/bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) circuits are known to be involved in the onset and expression of maternal behavior and pup‐associated motivation during the early period of lactation (Li et al., 1999, 2022; McHenry et al., 2015; Miceli et al., 1983; Numan, 2007; Numan & Stolzenberg, 2009; Oxley & Fleming, 2000; Petrulis, 2013; Semaan & Kauffman, 2010; Terkel et al., 1979; Tobiansky et al., 2013 for review). Importantly, this core circuit has strong connections with the mesolimbic dopamine system, ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NA), and caudate putamen, involved in infant‐related reward processing and motivation (Barrière et al., 2021; Dong & Swanson, 2004; Dumont & Williams, 2004; Jalabert et al., 2009; Kudo et al., 2014; Numan, 2007; Numan & Numan, 1997; Numan & Stolzenberg, 2009; Tobiansky et al., 2013).…”