The Media's Impact on International Affairs, Then and Now

Neuman, Johanna

doi:10.1353/sais.1996.0015

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Nye defines 'soft power' this way: BIt is the ability to get others to want what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments.^ [15] He further states that BThis soft power -getting others to want the outcomes that you want -co-opts people rather than coerces them.^. 8 As this study shows, activities undertaken under the rubric of 'national image' can be 'defensive' 9 as well as 'offensive', 10 or a combination of both. In the case of the Hong Kong protests, much of the media reaction sanctioned by the state was a reaction against the perceived negative 'attack' and criticism of China.…”

Section: National Image(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Defending China’s National Image and ‘Defensive Soft Power’: the Case of Hong Kong’s ‘Umbrella Revolution’

Loh

2016

J OF CHIN POLIT SCI

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This study examines the pro-democracy protests of Hong Kong in 2014 and how the protests became sites for Beijing's representations of Chinese national image(s). It argues that 'defensive soft power' can be used to understand the process through which Beijing made such representations and projections. 'Defensive soft power', extending on Nye's soft power is operationally defined as the reactionary activities taken in response to actions that harm or potentially harm a country's national image. Based on an analysis of the data drawn from three mainland news media, several perceptions of China emerge -China as a victim; China as 'reasonable' power; and China as benign and tolerant leader in the China-Hong Kong relation. This research highlights the 'Umbrella Revolution' as an instance where 'defensive soft power' was used to (1) fend off negative national images and (2) project positive national images. Mapping out the process of national image defence will enable readers to better understand a sovereign state's strategies to defend attacks on and promote positive perceptions of its national image.

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Section: National Image(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…National identity generally refers to an internal, collective schema [22], whereas 'national image' is outwardly directed to gain respect and prestige amongst 8 [15], 5. 9 'Offensive' here refers to the capacities and activities undertaken to attract and enhance a country's image.…”

Section: National Image(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Defending China’s National Image and ‘Defensive Soft Power’: the Case of Hong Kong’s ‘Umbrella Revolution’

Loh

2016

J OF CHIN POLIT SCI

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“…Some argue that as citizens take cues from policy makers and journalists, elite discourse can shape the formation of foreign policy attitudes (Iyengar and Kinder 1987; Rahn 1993). A number of scholars have held that the advent of the 24‐hour news cycle has given the public a more intense and vivid connection to international events and foreign policy makers (Stech 1994; Neuman 1996a, b). Presidents and their efforts to manipulate the media clearly shape public opinion (Bond and Fleisher 1990; Baumgartner and Jones 1993; Kingdon 1995; Kernell 1997; Baum 2004).…”

Section: Toward a Model Of Coevolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Snow refers to this phenomenon in which governments feel compelled to take action to relieve suffering (primarily due to media pressure) as the “do something syndrome” (1997:193). Echoing this observation, one journalist suggests that video images of a humanitarian crisis evoke an emotional outcry from the public to “do something” (Neuman 1996a, 1996b:109). In the 1990s, this syndrome became a factor in the response of the United States and Europe to Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq (where the United States, in part, reversed its position in response to media coverage), and Somalia (where the media played a central role in both the decision to intervene and then to withdraw; Shaw 1996:79–95; Livingston 1997:68–89).…”

Section: The Coevolution Of American‐led Humanitarian Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

American Humanitarian Intervention: Toward a Theory of Coevolution

Lyon

Dolan

2007

Foreign Policy Analysis

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The goal of this study is twofold. First, it seeks to move beyond the exploration of motivations for understanding why the United States launches some humanitarian interventions and avoids others. Second, it initiates a theory building process to map the complex international and domestic environment that frames American humanitarianism. To explain the selectivity of U.S. engagement, the article establishes a typology of actors, restraints, and concerns involved in the humanitarian policy‐making process. It then presents a theory of coevolution that serves as a framework for understanding the interactive and diffusive dynamics between policy makers and their broader operating environment. With illustrative case studies on Operation Provide Comfort in Iraq (1991), Operation Allied Force in Kosovo (1999), and Operation Unified Assistance in response to the Asian Tsunami (2004), this study suggests that U.S.‐led humanitarian interventions are part of larger episodes of engagement that hold consequences for subsequent involvements. It finds that altruistic interventions are often blurred with self‐interested power pursuits, as American humanitarianism is the product of a confluence of domestic political factors, historical milieu, and international normative advancement.

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“…C, is made by treating ethyl mercaptoacetate with acrolein to give ethyl 3-oxopropylthioacetate, which is then condensed with L-cysteine [70]. For its pharmacological properties, see [71].…”

Section: Carbocysteinementioning

confidence: 99%

Cough Remedies

Bub¹,

Friedrich²

2000

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Antitussives 2.1. Antitussives Acting on the Central Nervous System 2.1.1. Alkaloids and Derivatives 2.1.2. Morphinans 2.1.3. Arylalkylamines 2.1.4. Basic Esters 2.1.5. Basic Ethers 2.1.6. Piperazine Derivatives 2.1.7. Other Compounds 2.2. Antitussives Acting Mainly Peripherally 3. Expectorants 3.1. Secretolytics and Secretomotorics 3.2. Mucolytics 3.2.1. Cysteine Derivatives 3.2.2. Benzylamines

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The Media's Impact on International Affairs, Then and Now

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Defending China’s National Image and ‘Defensive Soft Power’: the Case of Hong Kong’s ‘Umbrella Revolution’

Defending China’s National Image and ‘Defensive Soft Power’: the Case of Hong Kong’s ‘Umbrella Revolution’

American Humanitarian Intervention: Toward a Theory of Coevolution

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