The mechanisms underlying antigenic variation and maintenance of genomic integrity in Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium

Hakim, Mohamad S.; Annisa, Luthvia; Jariah, Rizka Oktarianti Ainun; Vink, Cornelis

doi:10.1007/s00203-020-02041-4

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 102 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, by contrast with p1 type 1, more variant strains have been characterized among type 2. This might be attributed to type-specific differences in the functionality of proteins putatively involved in DNA recombination and repair in M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium ( Sluijter et al, 2010 ; Hakim et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Evaluation Of Common Typing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four repetitive elements (RepMp1, 2/3, 4, and 5) were found in M. pneumoniae , whereas repeated sequences from M. genitalium cluster in nine discrete regions are known as MgPar. Genome parts with copies of repetitive elements can be exchanged by homologous recombination ( Musatovova et al, 2008 ; Spuesens et al, 2009 ; Hakim et al, 2021 ). This also applies to genes coding for surface-localized and antigenic proteins with special importance for the infection process such as the adhesins P1 and P40/P90 from M. pneumoniae , and MgpB and MgpC from M. genitalium (also known as P140 and P110).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This also applies to genes coding for surface-localized and antigenic proteins with special importance for the infection process such as the adhesins P1 and P40/P90 from M. pneumoniae , and MgpB and MgpC from M. genitalium (also known as P140 and P110). Resulting modifications of these proteins has been postulated as immune escape mechanism of the bacteria ( Rocha and Blanchard, 2002 ; Hakim et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Tools for Typing Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium

Dumke

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium are cell wall-less bacteria with strongly reduced genome content and close phylogenetic relatedness. In humans, the only known natural host, the microorganisms colonize the respiratory or genitourinary mucosa and may cause a broad range of clinical presentations. Besides fundamental differences in their tissue specificity, transmission route, and ability to cause prevalence peaks, both species share similarities such as the occurrence of asymptomatic carriers, preferred populations for infection, and problems with high rates of antimicrobial resistance. To further understand the epidemiology of these practically challenging bacteria, typing of strains is necessary. Since the cultivation of both pathogens is difficult and not performed outside of specialized laboratories, molecular typing methods with adequate discriminatory power, stability, and reproducibility have been developed. These include the characterization of genes containing repetitive sequences, of variable genome regions without the presence of repetitive sequences, determination of single and multi-locus variable-number tandem repeats, and detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in different genes, respectively. The current repertoire of procedures allows reliable differentiation of strains circulating in different populations and in different time periods as well as comparison of strains occurring subsequently in individual patients. In this review, the methods for typing M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium, including the results of their application in different studies, are summarized and current knowledge regarding the association of typing data with the clinical characteristics of infections is presented.

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Section: Evaluation Of Common Typing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Tools for Typing Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium

Dumke

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…MgPar is a general term for the nine repetitive DNA sequences that compose the chromosome of M. genitalium , and contains 79–90% of MgpB and MgpC gene homology sequences ( Fraser et al, 1995 ). Since MgPar sequences have only partial and incomplete copies of MgpB and/or MgpC , which are homologous to different regions of these two genes, such homologous but not identical MgPar sequences are recombined into MgpB or MgpC , resulting in the expression of variant MgPa and P110 proteins, causing genome heterogeneity of M. genitalium ( Iverson-Cabral et al, 2007 ; Hakim et al, 2021 ). The antigenic variation of these proteins can not only optimize adhesion, but also help to avoid host immune response and promote persistence, which plays a key role in the pathogenicity of M. genitalium and escape from the host immune system, and is essential for the survival of M. genitalium ( Taylor-Robinson and Jensen, 2011 ).…”

Section: Molecular Pathogenic Characteristics Of Mycoplasma...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasma genitalium infection in the female reproductive system: Diseases and treatment

Zhou

Luo

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Mycoplasma genitalium is a newly emerged sexually transmitted disease pathogen and an independent risk factor for female cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. The clinical symptoms caused by M. genitalium infection are mild and easily ignored. If left untreated, M. genitalium can grow along the reproductive tract and cause salpingitis, leading to infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Additionally, M. genitalium infection in late pregnancy can increase the incidence of preterm birth. M. genitalium infections are often accompanied by co-infection with other sexually transmitted pathogens (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis) and viral infections (Human Papilloma Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus). A recent study suggested that M. genitalium plays a role in tumor development in the female reproductive system. However, few studies endorsed this finding. In recent years, M. genitalium has evolved into a new “superbug” due to the emergence of macrolide-and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains leading to frequent therapy failures. This review summarizes the pathogenic characteristics of M. genitalium and the female reproductive diseases caused by M. genitalium (cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, premature birth, co-infection, reproductive tumors, etc.), as well as its potential relationship with reproductive tumors and clinical treatment.

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“…In spite of limited size, the genomes of M. pneumoniae consist of a significant portion of repeated elements, which are dispersed throughout the genome and constitute approximately 8% of the genome. It has been demonstrated that these genes are sufficient to generate antigenic variation by homologous recombination between specific repetitive genomic elements [29] (Fig. 1d).…”

Section: Antigen Polymorphism and Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the Pathogenic Mechanism of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Chen

et al. 2022

Curr Microbiol

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae, an obligate parasitic pathogen without cell wall, can cause severe upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms. It is the pathogen of human bronchitis and walking pneumonia, and named community-acquired pneumonia. In addition to severe respiratory symptoms, there are clinical extrapulmonary manifestations in the skin, brain, kidney, musculoskeletal, digestive system, and even blood system after M. pneumoniae infection. Hereby, we comprehensively summarized and reviewed the intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection. The pathogenesis of related respiratory symptoms caused by M. pneumoniae is mainly adhesion damage, direct damage including nutrient predation, invasion and toxin, cytokine induced inflammation damage and immune evasion effect. The pathogenesis of extrapulmonary manifestations includes direct damage mediated by invasion and inflammatory factors, indirect damage caused by host immune response, and vascular occlusion. The intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary pathogenic mechanisms of M. pneumoniae infection are independent and interrelated, and have certain commonalities. In fact, the pathogenic mechanisms of M. pneumoniae are complicated, and the specific content is still not completely clear, further researches are necessary for determining the detailed pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae. This review can provide certain guidance for the effective prevention and treatment of M. pneumoniae infection. Abbreviations CARDSCommunity-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin GlpO L-α-glycerophosphate oxidase KATP channels ATP-sensitive K + channels ROS Reactive oxygen species LAMPS Lipid-associated membrane proteins HDAC 5 Histone deacetylase 5 IbpM Immunoglobulin binding protein of Mycoplasma NET Neutrophil extracellular traps EF-Tu Elongation factor thermo unstable MpEPDs Mycoplasma pneumoniae-related extrapulmonary diseases * Weimin Xie

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The mechanisms underlying antigenic variation and maintenance of genomic integrity in Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium

Cited by 6 publications

References 102 publications

Molecular Tools for Typing Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium

Molecular Tools for Typing Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium

Mycoplasma genitalium infection in the female reproductive system: Diseases and treatment

Insight into the Pathogenic Mechanism of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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