Insight into the Pathogenic Mechanism of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Abstract

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, an obligate parasitic pathogen without cell wall, can cause severe upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms. It is the pathogen of human bronchitis and walking pneumonia, and named community-acquired pneumonia. In addition to severe respiratory symptoms, there are clinical extrapulmonary manifestations in the skin, brain, kidney, musculoskeletal, digestive system, and even blood system after M. pneumoniae infection. Hereby, we comprehensively summarized and reviewed the intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection. The pathogenesis of related respiratory symptoms caused by M. pneumoniae is mainly adhesion damage, direct damage including nutrient predation, invasion and toxin, cytokine induced inflammation damage and immune evasion effect. The pathogenesis of extrapulmonary manifestations includes direct damage mediated by invasion and inflammatory factors, indirect damage caused by host immune response, and vascular occlusion. The intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary pathogenic mechanisms of M. pneumoniae infection are independent and interrelated, and have certain commonalities. In fact, the pathogenic mechanisms of M. pneumoniae are complicated, and the specific content is still not completely clear, further researches are necessary for determining the detailed pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae. This review can provide certain guidance for the effective prevention and treatment of M. pneumoniae infection. Abbreviations CARDSCommunity-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin GlpO L-α-glycerophosphate oxidase KATP channels ATP-sensitive K + channels ROS Reactive oxygen species LAMPS Lipid-associated membrane proteins HDAC 5 Histone deacetylase 5 IbpM Immunoglobulin binding protein of Mycoplasma NET Neutrophil extracellular traps EF-Tu Elongation factor thermo unstable MpEPDs Mycoplasma pneumoniae-related extrapulmonary diseases * Weimin Xie

The Association between Mycoplasma pneumoniae Genotype and Cutaneous Disease

“…Several possible mechanisms have been proposed to play a role in Mp -induced cutaneous disease [ 4 , 5 , 23 ]. It is suggested that an indirect mechanism, in which the bacterium is not present at the site of inflammation, but immune modulation, such as autoimmunity or formation of immune complexes, is thought to play an important role [ 4 , 24 , 25 ].…”

“…Mycoplasma pneumoniae ( Mp ) is a common cause of respiratory tract infections (RTI) in children and adults worldwide [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Nevertheless, it can also cause several extrapulmonary manifestations involving all the major organ systems [ 1 , 4 ]. The most prevalent form of extrapulmonary manifestations are the dermatological ones.…”

A LAMP-based hydrogen ion selective electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

“…Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is an obligate parasitic pathogen, a primary cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) worldwide, predominantly affecting the pediatric and adolescent demographic. [1][2][3] Besides instigating severe respiratory manifestations, it also has the potential to induce additional complications and even poses life-threatening risks. 4 The symptoms of this pathogen are very similar to other respiratory illnesses, signicantly increasing the risk of misdiagnosis and speeding up transmission.…”

“…6,7 Serological diagnosis is time-consuming, demanding precise experimental conditions and sophisticated instruments, making it unsuitable for home or primary healthcare settings. 1 NAATs have gained considerable attention due to their outstanding performance in sensitivity and specicity. 5,[8][9][10][11] Particularly, real-time uorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been widely acknowledged as the gold standard.…”

“…6,7 Serological diagnosis is time-consuming, demanding precise experimental conditions and sophisticated instruments, making it unsuitable for home or primary healthcare settings. 1…”