The Mechanisms of lncRNA-Mediated Multidrug Resistance and the Clinical Application Prospects of lncRNAs in Breast Cancer

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease and presents a great threat to female health worldwide. Chemotherapy is one of the predominant strategies for the treatment of BC; however, multidrug resistance (MDR) has seriously affected or hindered the effect of chemotherapy. Recently, a growing number of studies have indicated that lncRNAs play vital and varied roles in BC chemoresistance, including apoptosis, autophagy, DNA repair, cell cycle, drug efflux, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), epigenetic modification and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Although thousands of lncRNAs have been implicated in the chemoresistance of BC, a systematic review of their regulatory mechanisms remains to be performed. In this review, we systematically summarized the mechanisms of MDR and the functions of lncRNAs mediated in the chemoresistance of BC from the latest literature. These findings significantly enhance the current understanding of lncRNAs and suggest that they may be promising prognostic biomarkers for BC patients receiving chemotherapy, as well as therapeutic targets to prevent or reverse chemoresistance.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: LncRNA BCAR4 promotes migration, invasion, and chemo-resistance by inhibiting miR-644a in breast cancer

“…Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with a length of more than 200 nucleotides. They are involved in various biological processes, such as apoptosis, proliferation, migration, drug resistance, and differentiation [ 5 – 7 ]. Long noncoding RNA breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4 (BCAR4), located in chromosome 16p13.13, was first identified by screening endocrine resistance-related genes in breast cancer cells, and its expression has a positive correlation with anti-estrogen resistance [ 8 ].…”

“…Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with a length of more than 200 nucleotides. They are involved in various biological processes, such as apoptosis, proliferation, migration, drug resistance, and differentiation [5][6][7]. Long noncoding RNA breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4 (BCAR4), located in chromosome 16p13.…”

Nanotherapeutic approaches for delivery of long non-coding RNAs: an updated review with emphasis on cancer

“…It may be possible to surmount chemotherapy resistance and improve patient outcomes by targeting these modified lncRNAs with exosomes. 118 Despite the promise of exosomes and lncRNAs in cancer treatment, additional research is necessary to optimize their precision and efficacy. Modifying their genes or molecules is one method for enhancing the efficiency of exosomal lncRNA transport.…”

Emerging role of lncRNAs in drug resistance mechanisms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

“…Besides, the sensitivity and specificity of lncRNAs must be ensured. Thus, until all the technical difficulties have been overcome, the detection of circulating lncRNAs would be applied in regular clinical practice ( 243 ).…”