The Mechanisms Involved in the Fluoroquinolone Resistance of Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated from Humans in Poland, 2018–2019: The Prediction of Antimicrobial Genes by In Silico Whole-Genome Sequencing

Piekarska, Katarzyna; Wołkowicz, Tomasz; Zacharczuk, Katarzyna; Stepuch, Agata; Gierczyński, Rafał

doi:10.3390/pathogens12020193

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Fluoroquinolones and broad-spectrum cephalosporins are now the recommended antimicrobial medicines for the treatment of MDR S. typhi due to the development of resistance to traditional antibiotics ( Veeraraghavan et al ., 2018 ). However, research suggests that cases of typhoidal Salmonella are becoming increasingly resistant to fluoroquinolones ( Piekarska et al ., 2023 ). S. paratyphi exhibits more fluoroquinolone resistance than S. typhi in nations with a higher prevalence of MDR isolates ( Kumar et al ., 2017 ).…”

Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions

Ayuti,

Khairullah,

Arif

et al. 2024

Open Vet J

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Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella species, is one of the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide with an estimated 93.8 million cases and about 155,00 fatalities. In both industrialized and developing nations, Salmonellosis has been reported to be one of the most prevalent foodborne zoonoses and is linked with arrays of illness syndromes such as acute and chronic enteritis, and septicaemia. The two major and most common Salmonella species implicated in both warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals are Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. To date, more than 2400 S. enterica serovars which affect both humans and animals have been identified. Salmonella is further classified into serotypes based on three primary antigenic determinants: somatic (O), flagella (H), and capsular (K). The capacity of nearly all Salmonella species to infect, multiply, and survive in human host cells with the aid of their pathogenic and virulence arsenals makes them deadly and important public health pathogens. Primarily, food-producing animals such as poultry, swine, cattle, and their products have been identified as important sources of salmonellosis. Additionally, raw fruits and vegetables are among other food types that have been linked to the spread of Salmonella spp. Based on the clinical manifestation of human salmonellosis, Salmonella strains can be categorized as either non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and typhoidal Salmonella. The detection of aseptically collected Salmonella in necropsies, environmental samples, feedstuffs, rectal swabs, and food products serves as the basis for diagnosis. In developing nations, typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi typically results in the death of 5% to 30% of those affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated that there are between 16 and 17 million typhoid cases worldwide each year, with scaring 600,000 deaths as a result. The contagiousness of a Salmonella outbreak depends on the bacterial strain, serovar, growth environment, and host susceptibility. Risk factors for Salmonella infection include a variety of foods; for example, contaminated chicken, beef and pork. Globally, there is a growing incidence and emergence of life-threatening clinical cases, especially due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp, including strains exhibiting resistance to important antimicrobials such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and third generation cephalosporins. In extreme cases, especially in situations involving very difficult-to-treat strains, death usually results. The severity of the infections resulting from Salmonella pathogens is dependent on the serovar type, host susceptibility, the type of bacterial strains, and growth environment. This review therefore aims to detail the nomenclature, etiology, history, pathogenesis, reservoir, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of salmonellosis.

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Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions

Ayuti,

Khairullah,

Arif

et al. 2024

Open Vet J

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“…OqxAB encoded by the PMQR oqxAB gene is a novel transmissible resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pump that can remove a wide range of antibiotics from bacterial cells (Wong et al, 2014). Whole-genome sequencing revealed that in addition to QRDR and PMQR, the quinoloneresistant Salmonella Typhi had mutations in an additional 19 genes, including tet, sul, aad, aac-, ant-, aph-, floR and cmlA (Piekarska et al, 2023). The AcrAB-TolC efflux pump was an important resistance factor to levofloxacin in the fluoroquinolone-resistant MDR isolates of S. Typhi and Paratyphi A (Okanda et al, 2018).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Extensively Drug-resistance (Xdr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Defying the odds: Determinants of the antimicrobial response of Salmonella Typhi and their interplay

Chowdhury,

Mukherjee,

Chatterjee

et al. 2023

Molecular Microbiology

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Salmonella Typhi, the invasive serovar of S. enterica subspecies enterica, causes typhoid fever in healthy human hosts. The emergence of antibiotic‐resistant strains has consistently challenged the successful treatment of typhoid fever with conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella is acquired either by mutations in the genomic DNA or by acquiring extrachromosomal DNA via horizontal gene transfer. In addition, Salmonella can form a subpopulation of antibiotic persistent (AP) cells that can survive at high concentrations of antibiotics. These have reduced the effectiveness of the first and second lines of antibiotics used to treat Salmonella infection. The recurrent and chronic carriage of S. Typhi in human hosts further complicates the treatment process, as a remarkable shift in the immune response from pro‐inflammatory Th1 to anti‐inflammatory Th2 is observed. Recent studies have also highlighted the overlap between AP, persistent infection (PI) and AMR. These incidents have revealed several areas of research. In this review, we have put forward a timeline for the evolution of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and discussed the different mechanisms of the same availed by the pathogen at the genotypic and phenotypic levels. Further, we have presented a detailed discussion on Salmonella antibiotic persistence (AP), PI, the host and bacterial virulence factors that can influence PI, and how both AP and PI can lead to AMR.

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“…Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, are the recommended drugs for treatment of severe Salmonella infections in humans (Li et al, 2018). However, the prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates has increased in several countries, including Thailand (Utrarachkij et al, 2017;Sriyapai et al, 2021;Hengkrawit et al, 2022;Piekarska et al, 2023). With an increasing global trend of ciprofloxacin resistant Salmonella, WHO has announced this resistant bacterium as an urgent threat to public health (WHO, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of ciprofloxacin resistance, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and virulence factors in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolated from broilers in Thailand isolated from broilers in Thailand

Suwannachot

Ketphan

Jittimanee

et al. 2023

VIS

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Salmonella Enteritidis is one of the most common serovars associated with gastroenteritis in humans. Fluoroquinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella including S. Enteritidis has increased globally and is considered as a threat to public health. In this study, we aimed to investigate the occurrence of ciprofloxacin resistance and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, and examine virulence gene profiles of 69 S. Enteritidis isolates recovered from 46 boot swab and 23 intestinal samples collected from 69 commercial intensive broiler farms in Thailand. Ciprofloxacin susceptibility of these isolates was determined using microbroth dilution method. PCR was used to detect 5 common PMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA) and 12 important virulence genes (agfA, invA, spaN, prgH, sitC, ssaQ, mgtC, sopB, sifA, tolC, cdtB and spvC). All S. Enteritidis showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, with the MIC values of 0.125-0.50 µg/mL. However, these isolates did not carry PMQR genes investigated. The same virulence profile was observed among 69 S. Enteritidis isolates in which 11 virulence genes, except cdtB, were detected. The presence of virulence genes identified in invasive salmonellosis in the S. Enteritidis isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin could be of public health concerns. Our findings underline the need for constant monitoring of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Enteritidis in poultry production chain to reduce public health risk.

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The Mechanisms Involved in the Fluoroquinolone Resistance of Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated from Humans in Poland, 2018–2019: The Prediction of Antimicrobial Genes by In Silico Whole-Genome Sequencing

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions

Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions

Defying the odds: Determinants of the antimicrobial response of Salmonella Typhi and their interplay

Occurrence of ciprofloxacin resistance, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and virulence factors in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolated from broilers in Thailand isolated from broilers in Thailand

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