The Mechanism of Training Effects: A Hypothesis

Viru, Atko

doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025909

Cited by 50 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…[29][30][31][32] The research in exercisers (i.e., athletes) who are overreachingovertraining suggests that the endocrine system's hormonal responses seem to occur in two phases: an initial hyperactivity phase, followed by a latter hypoactivity phase (see Table 4). 27,28,33,34 In the hyperactivity phase, elevations in the circulating levels of hormones such as adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisol, prolactin, and catecholamines have been reported at rest and/or in response to an acute exercise session, 27,[33][34][35][36] although these hormonal findings are not completely universal. 25,36 This hyperactivity phase may be reflective of the "overreaching" status in the training continuum.…”

Section: Maladaptations Responses To Exercise Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise and the Regulation of Endocrine Hormones

Hackney

Lane

2015

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science

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Section: Maladaptations Responses To Exercise Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise and the Regulation of Endocrine Hormones

Hackney

Lane

2015

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science

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“…Athletes deliberately overload their bodies with physical training so that in the following recovery period, supercompensatory adaptations arise resulting in enhanced physical condition and performance [9]. Indeed, the sensitive management of the balance between overload and recovery on micro to macro scales underpins the science and practice of periodisation, thus many coaches argue that OR is a natural part of the training and supercompensation process.…”

Section: Overreaching and Overtrainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overtraining and Elite Young Athletes

Winsley

Matos²

2010

Medicine and Sport Science

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In comparison to adults, our knowledge of the overtraining syndrome in elite young athletes is lacking. The evidence indicates an incidence rate of ∼20-30%, with a relatively higher occurrence seen in individual sport athletes, females and those competing at the highest representative levels. The most commonly reported symptoms are similar to those observed in over trained adult athletes: increased perception of effort during exercise, frequent upper respiratory tract infections, muscle soreness, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, mood disturbances, shortness of temper, decreased interest in training and competition, decreased self-confidence, inability to concentrate. The association between training load and overtraining is unclear, and underlines the importance of taking a holistic approach when trying to treat or prevent overtraining in the young athlete so that both training and non-training stressors are considered. Of particular relevance to the issue of overtraining in the elite young athlete are the development of a unidimensional identity, the lack of autonomy, disempowerment, perfectionist traits, conditional love, and unrealistic expectations. Overtraining syndrome is a complex phenomenon with unique and multiple antecedents for each individual; therefore, an open-minded and comprehensive perspective is needed to successfully treat/prevent this in the young athlete.

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“…IT IS GENERALLY ASSUMED THAT training adaptations occur subsequent to exercise-induced modifications of cellular homeostasis. These exercise-induced changes would be the main stimulus driving the physiological responses leading to the body's adaptations (25,26). Nevertheless, overloading for a long period might produce the persistent fatigue generally associated with so-called overtraining (10,15,16,18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of training frequency on the dynamics of performance response to a single training bout

Busso¹,

Benoît²,

Bonnefoy³

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

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The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an increase in training frequency on exercise-induced fatigue by using a systems model with parameters free to vary over time. Six previously untrained subjects undertook a 15-wk training experiment composed of 1) an 8-wk training period with three sessions per week (low-frequency training), 2) 1 wk without training, 3) a 4-wk training period with five sessions per week [high frequency training (HFT)], and 4) 2 wk without training. The systems input ascribed to training loads was computed from interval exercises and expressed in arbitrary units. The systems output ascribed to performance was evaluated three times each week using maximal power sustained over 5 min. The time-varying parameters of the model were estimated by fitting modeled performances to the measured ones using a recursive least squares method. The variations over time in the model parameters showed an increase in magnitude and duration of fatigue induced by a single training bout. The time needed to recover performance after a training session increased from 0.9 +/- 2.1 days at the end of low-frequency training to 3.6 +/- 2.0 days at the end of HFT. The maximal gain in performance for a given training load decreased during HFT. This study showed that shortening recovery time between training sessions progressively yielded a more persistent fatigue induced by each training.

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The Mechanism of Training Effects: A Hypothesis

Cited by 50 publications

References 55 publications

Exercise and the Regulation of Endocrine Hormones

Exercise and the Regulation of Endocrine Hormones

Overtraining and Elite Young Athletes

Effects of training frequency on the dynamics of performance response to a single training bout

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