The Measurement Structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

Tj, Sheehan; Fifield, Judith; Reisine, Susan; Tennen, Howard

doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6403_9

Cited by 307 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A 10% reduced risk of incidence of MI per unit increase of positive emotion scores has been demonstrated in older adults, even when controlling for negative affect (Ostir et al, 2001b). Although this study can be criticised for using a depression questionnaire to assess positive affect, previous work has demonstrated that the scale used (Center for Epidemiological Studies Á Depression scale: CES-D) subdivides into positive and negative emotion items (e.g., Miller, Markides, & Black, 1997;Sheehan, Fifield, Reisine, & Tennen, 1995). The items of the CES-D can be seen in Table 2, and four positive emotion items that load together are: 'I felt that I was just as good as other people', 'I felt hopeful about the future', 'I was happy', and 'I enjoyed life'.…”

Section: Associations With Depression and Chdmentioning

confidence: 87%

Challenges in reducing depression-related mortality in cardiac populations: cognition, emotion, fatigue or personality?

Doyle

Conroy

McGee

2007

Health Psychology Review

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Section: Associations With Depression and Chdmentioning

confidence: 87%

Challenges in reducing depression-related mortality in cardiac populations: cognition, emotion, fatigue or personality?

Doyle

Conroy

McGee

2007

Health Psychology Review

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“…These four items load on a single PA factor (Sheehan, Fifield, Reisine, & Tennen, 1995). They include ratings of how much the participants enjoy life, the extent to which they feel hopeful about the future, their happiness, and how good they are as compared with other individuals.…”

Section: Measures Of Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

Does positive affect influence health?

Pressman

Cohen

2005

Psychological Bulletin

1,735

1,566

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This review highlights consistent patterns in the literature associating positive affect (PA) and physical health. However, it also raises serious conceptual and methodological reservations. Evidence suggests an association of trait PA and lower morbidity and of state and trait PA and decreased symptoms and pain. Trait PA is also associated with increased longevity among older community-dwelling individuals. The literature on PA and surviving serious illness is inconsistent. Experimentally inducing intense bouts of activated state PA triggers short-term rises in physiological arousal and associated (potentially harmful) effects on immune, cardiovascular, and pulmonary function. However, arousing effects of state PA are not generally found in naturalistic ambulatory studies in which bouts of PA are typically less intense and often associated with health protective responses. A theoretical framework to guide further study is proposed.Keywords: positive affect, mortality, morbidity, health, emotions A cheerful heart is good medicine.-Proverbs 17:22Self-help books, popular magazines, and Sunday newspaper supplements have suggested for years that positive affect (PA) can improve people's health. However, this hypothesis has been relatively ignored in research on psychological predictors of health. For example, a search of PsycINFO revealed that there are over 20 times more studies on depression and health than there are on happiness and health. Although the recent interest in "positive psychology" has focused attention on the potential benefits of positive feelings (e.g., Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), there has been little critical discussion of the evidence linking PA to physical health. In this article, we review the literature examining the association between measures of PA and markers of physical health status, examine the conceptual and methodological weaknesses in the existing literature, and discuss how PA could get "under the skin" to influence health. PAWe define PA as the feelings that reflect a level of pleasurable engagement with the environment (Clark, Watson, & Leeka, 1989) such as happiness, joy, excitement, enthusiasm, and contentment. These can be brief, longer lasting, or more stable traitlike feelings. Although some use the terms affect, mood, and emotion to distinguish duration, these uses are not applied consistently in the literature, and thus we use these terms interchangeably. We, however, distinguish between studies using measures that assess more stable disposition-like PA, which we refer to as trait PA, and those measuring or manipulating relatively short-term bouts of positive emotions, which we refer to as state PA.To date, reviews examining associations between positive psychological constructs and health outcomes have been broad in scope, including traits such as self-esteem, extraversion, purpose, mastery, and optimism along with PA (Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005;Ryff, 2003;Salovey, Rothman, Detweiler, & Steward, 2000;Zautra, 2003). Hence, it has been difficult to separate t...

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“…Scores on each individual item range from 0 -3, with higher scores indicating more frequent experience of the symptoms; the range for the summary CES-D score is 0 -60. The CES-D has been shown to exhibit adequate reliability and validity (28), including studies that have assessed its psychometric properties in patients with RA (18,19).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commonly used measures of depression in arthritis research include the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (11), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) (12), the Hamilton Depression Inventory (HAM-D) (13), the Affect score from the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 (AIMS2-A) (14), and the Depression subscale from the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) (15). Several studies have demonstrated sound psychometric properties for these scales (14 -17), including studies that have assessed their reliability and validity within the RA population (18,19), but the utility of depression measures for assessing change over time has not been as carefully examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing reliability of change in depression among persons with rheumatoid arthritis

Martens

VanDyke

Parker

et al. 2005

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. To examine several methods of determining reliability of change constructs in depressive symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to demonstrate the strengths, weaknesses, and uses of each method. Methods. Data were analyzed from a cohort of 54 persons with RA who participated in a combined behavioral/ pharmacologic intervention of 15 months duration. These longitudinal data were used to examine 3 methodologies for assessing the reliability of change for various measures of depression. The specific methodologies involved the calculations of reliable change, sensitivity to change, and reliability of the change score. Results. The analyses demonstrated differences in reliability of change performance across the various depression measures, which suggest that no single measure of depression for persons with RA should be considered superior in all contexts. Conclusion. The findings highlight the value of utilizing reliability of change constructs when examining changes in depressive symptoms over time.

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The Measurement Structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

Cited by 307 publications

References 28 publications

Challenges in reducing depression-related mortality in cardiac populations: cognition, emotion, fatigue or personality?

Challenges in reducing depression-related mortality in cardiac populations: cognition, emotion, fatigue or personality?

Does positive affect influence health?

Analyzing reliability of change in depression among persons with rheumatoid arthritis

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