The measurement of parasitic forces in orthogonal cutting

Cutting forces prediction: The experimental identification of orthogonal cutting coefficients

“…Different methods to reveal the edge forces are known from literature, such as the direct measurement method of the edge forces [20], the extrapolation method on zero uncut thickness [2,21], and the comparison method of total forces at different flank wears [22].…”

“…For materials combinations not supported by a database, simple cutting experiments can provide necessary data [13,[18][19][20][21][22], while in the works [23][24] numerical simulations are used.…”

The determination of ploughing force and its influence on material properties in metal cutting

“…Determination of cutting forces has long been recognized as one major process parameter for: (a) monitoring cutting tool conditions [1,2]; (b) predicting part and tool deflections [3,4]; (c) calculating material flow stresses [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]; (d) characterizing machining processes [12]; (e) designing machine tools; and (f) designing and selecting cutting tools. Practical cutting tools have a finite sharpness and contact between tool flank and the machined surface which induce ploughing force (parasitic force).…”

“…The ploughing force may be defined as the measured force just prior to the onset of chip formation, i.e., the force at no chip formation should be the ploughing force. The ploughing force was referred as zero-feed force in [10], and can explain the so-called size effect [13]. The ploughing force is significantly important in tool wear monitoring, material flow stress calculation, chip formation mechanisms, and machined surface integrity.…”

“…This method has been questioned by several researchers [18][19][20][21] as the tool-chip contact length, the strain, the strain rate, and the temperature were not accounted for. Inspired by Colwell's work [22], the zero-feed method [8,10] was proposed to trace the force versus time after steady-state cutting, but before the tool disengages with the workpiece. The plough force was identified as the local maximum force of the first cycle of the cyclic force pattern.…”