The meaning of sport and performance among amateur and professional athletes

Piermattéo, Anthony; Monaco, Grégory Lo; Reymond, Gersende; Eyraud, Marc; Dany, Lionel

doi:10.1080/1612197x.2018.1536160

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The athlete’s level of performance was categorised as follows: (1) Professional athletes (member of a professional league), (2) elite (international competition), (3) amateur athletes (largely or entirely engaged in sports without remuneration,53 (4) competitive (collegiate or regional) athletes, (5) trained athletes (undertaking daily exercise engaged in similar volumes of training as competitive athletes) and (6) recreational athletes (physically active but who does not train for competition at the same level of intensity and focus as competitive athlete 54. For subgroup analyses, the professional and elite athletes were combined and referred to as ‘elite’ athletes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of acute respiratory illness (ARill) in athletes and by method of diagnosis, anatomical classification, ages, levels of performance and seasons.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesElectronic databases: PubMed-Medline, EbscoHost and Web of Science.Eligibility criteriaOriginal research articles published between January 1990 and July 2020 in English reporting the incidence of ARill in athletes, at any level of performance (elite/non-elite), aged 15–65 years.ResultsAcross all 124 studies (n=1 28 360 athletes), the incidence of ARill, estimated by dividing the number of cases by the total number of athlete days, was 4.7 (95% CI 3.9 to 5.7) per 1000 athlete days. In studies reporting acute respiratory infections (ARinf; suspected and confirmed) the incidence was 4.9 (95% CI 4.0 to 6.0), which was similar in studies reporting undiagnosed ARill (3.7; 95% CI 2.1 to 6.7). Incidences of 5.9 (95% CI 4.8 to 7.2) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.8 to 4.5) were found for studies reporting upper ARinf and general ARinf (upper or lower), respectively. The incidence of ARinf was similar across the different methods to diagnose ARinf. A higher incidence of ARinf was found in non-elite (8.7; 95% CI 6.1 to 12.5) vs elite athletes (4.2; 95% CI 3.3 to 5.3).Summary/conclusionsThese findings suggest: (1) the incidence of ARill equates to approximately 4.7 per athlete per year; (2) the incidence of upper ARinf was significantly higher than general (upper/lower) ARinf; (3) elite athletes have a lower incidence of ARinf than non-elite athletes; (4) if pathogen identification is not available, physicians can confidently use validated questionnaires and checklists to screen athletes for suspected ARinf. For future studies, we recommend that a clear diagnosis of ARill is reported.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020160472.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’

et al. 2022

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“…It was also worth determining whether there was a difference between competitive and recreational athletes because these groups differ in a number of factors e.g., motives for taking up sport activities, expectations of sport performance, personality traits etc. 33 – 35 . In light of previous research findings, comparing these groups in terms of anxiety may be relevant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) among Polish athletes and the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation in sport

Tomczak¹,

Kleka

Walczak

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Polish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2, as well as to determine the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation among high-performance and recreational athletes. A total of 519 athletes aged M = 22.83 (SD = 4.92) participated in the study, including 266 males and 253 females. 242 athletes trained professionally and 277 recreationally. The Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) was used to assess anxiety levels, while the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) enabled to assess athletes’ goal orientation. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the model to the data for the Polish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (CFI = 0.945, RMSEA = 0.072). The models obtained during analysis of high-performance and recreational athletes, women and men, also presented a satisfactory fit to the data (CFI 0.932–0.946). The configural, metric, scalar and strict measurement invariances were demonstrated for high-performance and recreational athletes as well as among women and men. High internal consistency coefficients (alpha 0.81–0.91) and a high test–retest reliability indexes were reported (ICC 0.74–0.87). Women presented higher level of competitive anxiety than men. A positive relationship between competitive anxiety and athletes’ ego orientation was also presented. This relationship concerned particularly women practicing sport recreationally.

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“…Amateur athletes are athletes who freely participate or do not participate in competitions for hedonism or health reasons and do not receive material incentives for any representation. [14] Sixteen participants (male and female) took part in a three-day mountain bike cycling event through a sample of convenience. The Standard Bank Klein-Aus Vista mountain bike cycling challenge (Namibia) race organizers approved and provided written permission to conduct the study during their event.…”

Section: Study Design and Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of a three-day mountain bike cycling race on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and heart rate variability in amateur cyclists

Swart

2022

Preprint

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Background: Increased endurance exercise at high intensities may cause an acute reduction in cardiac function, causing a physiological cascade that releases cardiac biomarkers. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological measurement used to evaluate the autonomic nervous system (ANS) state. This study set out to determine the changes in the ANS by participating in a three-day endurance mountain bike cycling event using HRV as an outcome measure.Methods: Sixteen healthy participants (male and female) participating in a three-day endurance mountain bike cycling event underwent five-minute resting electrocardiography (ECG) recordings in a supine position. In addition, heart rate variability measurements were recorded two days before the race (baseline testing), after each race day, and at 24-hour post-event (recovery).Results: Time-domain and frequency domain measures showed significant changes from baseline HRV parameters after each race day (p≤0.05). These changes reflected an increase in sympathetic activity and parasympathetic withdrawal after each day of the event. In addition, our data revealed that the mean heart rate (HR) and R-R variability variables did not return to baseline values after 24-hours of recovery, reflecting autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction and that changes persisted for at least up to 24-hours post-event.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that competing in an endurance mountain bike cycling event led to diminished vagal activity and decreased HRV throughout the event, which persisted for at least 24-hours post-event. The body was under continuous sympathetic dominance and parasympathetic withdrawal at rest and each racing day, implying that each race day inflicts significant physiological stress. This physiological stress causes a disturbance in homeostasis and an increase in ANS dysfunction. This dysfunction has implications for further research, including dysrhythmia risk and monitoring of athletes in advising participation and returning to strenuous activity post-endurance events.

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The meaning of sport and performance among amateur and professional athletes

Cited by 14 publications

References 37 publications

Incidence of acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’

Incidence of acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’

Validation of Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) among Polish athletes and the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation in sport

The effects of a three-day mountain bike cycling race on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and heart rate variability in amateur cyclists

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