Validation of Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) among Polish athletes and the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation in sport

Abstract

This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Polish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2, as well as to determine the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation among high-performance and recreational athletes. A total of 519 athletes aged M = 22.83 (SD = 4.92) participated in the study, including 266 males and 253 females. 242 athletes trained professionally and 277 recreationally. The Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) was used to assess anxiety levels, while the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) enabled to assess athletes’ goal orientation. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the model to the data for the Polish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (CFI = 0.945, RMSEA = 0.072). The models obtained during analysis of high-performance and recreational athletes, women and men, also presented a satisfactory fit to the data (CFI 0.932–0.946). The configural, metric, scalar and strict measurement invariances were demonstrated for high-performance and recreational athletes as well as among women and men. High internal consistency coefficients (alpha 0.81–0.91) and a high test–retest reliability indexes were reported (ICC 0.74–0.87). Women presented higher level of competitive anxiety than men. A positive relationship between competitive anxiety and athletes’ ego orientation was also presented. This relationship concerned particularly women practicing sport recreationally.

Cross-cultural comparison of sports anxiety among Indian and Polish sports players in a post-COVID world: a pilot study

“…We can assume that this result could be because of the adaptability and resilience characteristics of the sports players. Very similar results were documented by researchers who conducted a validation study of SAS-2 among Polish athletes (Tomczak et al, 2022). They reported a mean value for the total sports anxiety score for high-performance athletes (M = 26.35), which is very close to our result for Polish sports players (M = 28.60).…”

“…Sport Anxiety Scale-2. Polish participants completed the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2; Tomczak et al, 2022). It consists of 15 items that make up 3 subscales (somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption), with 5 items each.…”

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“…Anxiety is a disease that affects people of different ages and can last longer, creating an environment for another disease too. Anxiety detection has been accomplished by using SAS questionnaires as a standard technique for a long time [ 31 ] rather than detecting changes in human physiology, such as heart rate signals, etc. So far, most of the existing systems are restricted for anxiety detection by observing its biological and biochemical effects, where various techniques, for example, blood pressure and heart rate are physiological effects that could be observed.…”

“…The SAS is an online questionnaire system, which the participants accessed, and the system gave the score according to the defined protocols [ 30 ]. The SAS scale measures competitive anxiety as a trait rather than an anxious state [ 31 , 32 ]. Thus, anxiety evaluated by the SAS scale reflects a rather steady and consistent tendency to feel anxious in scenarios leading up to and during academic competition.…”

Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire: A Mokken Scale Analysis

“…Task-oriented athletes have higher moral functioning (Kavussanu & Ntoumanis, 2003), increased intrinsic motivation (Duda et al, 1995), and more mental toughness (Alvarez et al, 2017). On the other hand, those who are more ego-oriented have lower moral functioning (Kavussanu & Ntoumanis, 2003), decreased intrinsic motivation (Duda et al, 1995), and are more likely to experience disrupted concentration prior to or during an athletic performance (White & Zellner, 1996) and have more competitive anxiety (Tomczak et al, 2022). In addition, goal perspectives are associated with a variety of sport-related beliefs and attitudes.…”