The Matrix Language Frame model and Spanish/English codeswitching in fiction

English in Hong Kong Cantopop: language choice, code‐switching and genre

“…Auer 1984; 1998; Gumperz 1982; Li Wei 1994; 2005; Myers‐Scotton 1993). Nonetheless, written code‐switching has existed for many centuries, as evidenced by its occurrence in ancient texts (Aslanov 2000; Watt 1997), and some researchers have paid attention to code‐switching in written data or planned discourse such as poetry and novels (Kachru 1989; Callahan 2002; 2004), advertising (Bhatia and Ritchie 2004; Martin 2002) and pop song lyrics (e.g. Bentahila and Davis 2002; Kachru 2006; Lee 2004; 2006; Moody 2006; Sarker and Winer 2006).…”

“…Differences between spoken code‐switching and written code‐switching, however, are relative or gradient rather than absolute or clear‐cut, and code‐switching may have some similar functions in both types of data. For instance, code‐switching has been found to mark off quotations in spoken conversation (Gumperz 1982) and novels (Callahan 2002; 2004), which may well be a consequence of the fact that quotations are a common feature in both genres. Since orality (i.e.…”

Como dicen los americanos

“…As it turns out, many contact features which are chastised away from public registers are not necessarily rejected in less monitored contexts (Montes-Alcalá 2005, 2007. There is also evidence that contact features allowed in writing are largely analogous to those found in the spoken language, at least qualitatively (Callahan 2002(Callahan , 2004Toribio 2000), and the contact features that appear in writing have been proven to be a correlate of the sociolinguistic environment of speaker/writers (Moyna and Coll 2008). We can therefore expect that the separation between the written and the spoken behavior of the authors in this corpus will not be absolute, and that the manifestations of language contact present in it will reflect the sociolinguistic environment of the writers.…”

Languages in contact, cultures in conflict: English and Spanish in the USA

“…At first, this was limited to my lecture notes, but before long English sentences finished with Spanish phrases, and vice versa, began to appear in my journal. (p. 1) Callahan (2002) herself had researched the use of this phenomenon in fiction, in particular in written short stories in both English and Spanish published in the USA between 1970 and 2000. Although Callahan's approach was linguistic, it tells us of the presence of this language variety in literature before the waves of immigrants of the 1980s.…”