The Marketing of Rebellion

Bob, Clifford

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511756245

Cited by 578 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Many contemporary works are replete with references to transnational empirical connections (such as revolutionary repertoires that cross borders), while international factors are often seen as the precipitant cause of revolutions (through relations of dependent development), and as the direct outcomes of revolutions 14 Such fourth generation scholarship sits in parallel to recent work on the transnational dimensions of contentious politics, which stresses the co-constitutive relationship between domestic and international mechanisms (e.g. Tarrow 2005Tarrow , 2012Tarrow , 2013Bob 2005Bob , 2012Weyland 2014). The word 'parallel' is used advisedly.…”

Section: An Inter-societal Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Within and Beyond the “Fourth Generation” of Revolutionary Theory

Lawson

2016

Sociological Theory

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Within and Beyond the 'Fourth Generation' of Revolutionary TheoryRecent years have seen renewed interest in the study of revolutions. Yet the burgeoning interest in revolutionary events has not been matched by a comparable interest in the development of revolutionary theory. For the most part, empirical studies of revolutions remain contained within the parameters established by the 'fourth generation' of revolutionary theory. This body of work sees revolutions as conjunctural amalgams of systemic crisis, structural opening, and collective action, which arise from the intersection of international, economic, political, and symbolic factors. Despite the promise of this approach, this article argues that fourth generation scholarship remains an unfulfilled agenda. The aim of this article is to work within -and beyond -fourth generation theory in order to establish the theoretical foundations that can underpin contemporary work on revolutions. It does so in three ways: first, by promoting a shift from an attributional to a processual ontology; second, by advocating a relational rather than substantialist account of social action; and third, by fostering an approach that sees revolutions as inter-societal 'all the way down'. 1The (unfulfilled) promise of fourth generation theory 2 Recent years have seen renewed interest in the study of revolution (e.g. Chenoweth and Stephan 2011;Goldstone 2011Goldstone , 2014Nepstad 2011;Beck , 2014Beck , 2015Colgan, 2012Colgan, , 2013 Weyland 2012;Beissinger 2014;Lawson 2015a and2015b;Ritter 2015).Spurred by events such as the 2011 uprisings in North Africa and the Middle East, the Maidan movement in Ukraine, and Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement, these studies have largely sought to analyze contemporary protest movements from within the framework established by 'fourth generation' approaches to revolution (Foran 1993;Goldstone 2001). Fourth generation approaches see revolutions as conjunctural amalgams of systemic crisis, structural opening, and collective action, which arise from an intersection of international, economic, political, and symbolic factors (Foran 1993: 10-17; Goldstone 2001: 175-6; Lawson 2004: 70-6; Ritter 2015: 12). Although, as highlighted below, such an approach offers a number of improvements on previous generations of revolutionary theory, this article argues that fourth generation accounts remain an unfulfilled agenda. In many respects, rather than provide a new theoretical foundation for the study of revolutions, fourth generation approaches have been 'additive' in terms of the factors they survey and the universe of cases they examine (Foran 1993: 17). The aim of this article is to extend the insights offered by fourth generation approaches in order to provide more robust theoretical foundations for the study of contemporary revolutionary episodes.The argument unfolds in three main sections. First, the article unpacks four generations of revolutionary theory. The idea that there has been a generational evolution in the study of revolution can foster an over...

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Section: An Inter-societal Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Within and Beyond the “Fourth Generation” of Revolutionary Theory

Lawson

2016

Sociological Theory

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“…Activists mobilize across borders when global and local opportunity structures open (Sikkink 2005). They reframe local issues to appeal to global actors (Keck and Sikkink 1998;Risse et al 1999;Bob 2005;Della Porta and Tarrow 2005;Tarrow 2005) and use 'brokerage' to connect networks into larger ones (McAdam et al 2001). …”

Section: Diasporas As Transnational Actorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do conflict-generated diasporas pursue sovereignty-based claims through state-based or transnational channels? Armenian, Albanian and Palestinian diasporas in the UK compared

Koinova

2014

European Journal of International Relations

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Copyright and reuse:The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. Publisher's statement:Link to published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066113509115 A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP url' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.

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“…22 In the transnational realm, local insurgents capture 'distant imaginations' and the support of international actors by successfully 'matching' five shared elements with their international counterparts: substantive goals, customary tactics, ethical precepts, cultural attitudes, and organisational needs. 23 Finally, in order to explain why conflict-generated diasporas might engage in moderate mobilisation, I examine three generalisations (discussed in more detail under 'Competing Explanations', below). First, securitisation of migration after 9/11 and growing fusion between law enforcement and national security missions resulted in increased monitoring of migration.…”

Section: Major Theoretical Accountsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can conflict-generated diasporas be moderate actors during episodes of contested sovereignty? Lebanese and Albanian diasporas compared

Koinova¹

2010

Rev. Int. Stud.

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Conflict-generated diasporas are considered likely to maintain radical behaviours. This article seeks to explain why and how they nevertheless adopt moderate claims, especially when advocating highly sensitive issues such as state sovereignty. Focusing on groups in the US I investigate the Lebanese diaspora linked to the pro-sovereignty movement in Lebanon (2000–2005) and the Albanian diaspora linked to Kosovo's independence movement (1999–2008). The contentious episodes take place during the original homeland's post-conflict reconstruction. Embedded in the literatures on diasporas, conflicts, and transnational social movements, this article argues that instrumental approach towards the achievement of sovereignty explains why conflict-generated diasporas adopt moderate behaviours. Diasporas hope that by linking their claims to a global political opportunity structure of ‘liberalism’ they ‘play the game’ of the international community interested in promoting the liberal paradigm, and thus expect to obtain its support for the legitimisation of their pro-sovereignty goals. Diaspora entrepreneurs advance their claims in a two-step process. Initially they use frame bridging and frame extension to formulate their existing grievances. Then, an increased responsiveness from their host-state emerges to sustain their initial moderation. While individuals or groups in diaspora circles occasionally issue threats during the contentious episodes, the majority in the diaspora consider moderate politics as their dominant behaviour.

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The Marketing of Rebellion

Cited by 578 publications

References 65 publications

Within and Beyond the “Fourth Generation” of Revolutionary Theory

Within and Beyond the “Fourth Generation” of Revolutionary Theory

Why do conflict-generated diasporas pursue sovereignty-based claims through state-based or transnational channels? Armenian, Albanian and Palestinian diasporas in the UK compared

Can conflict-generated diasporas be moderate actors during episodes of contested sovereignty? Lebanese and Albanian diasporas compared

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