The ‘make or buy’ decision in private environmental transactions

Bougherara, Douadia; Grolleau, Gilles; Mzoughi, Naoufel

doi:10.1007/s10657-008-9080-8

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Due to these factors the transaction costs are expected to be very high, thus representing the major constraint to the implementation of PES-like schemes. In such conditions, local, regional or national governments play essential roles in promoting a more effective system based on defined, defendable and divestible economic property rights (Yandle 1999, Bougherara et al 2009), as well as embodying supply-demand coordination.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paying for water-related forest services: a survey on Italian payment mechanisms

Pettenella¹,

Vidale²,

Gatto³

et al. 2012

iForest

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The paper reviews the state of implementation of one of the most relevant mechanisms of payments for environmental services (PES) in the forestry sector: the systems of payments for water-related forest services. Three water services with economic relevance are analyzed with reference to the Italian context: hydropower generation, tap-water supply and mineral water use by industry. Using the consolidated definition of PES as a basis for the analysis and considering the regulatory framework on water, we compared the three waterrelated services to describe the strengths and weaknesses in environmental services provision. From the analysis we deduced that pure PES schemes do not exist in the water sector in Italy, while PES-like schemes driven by public authorities have a relatively long and consolidated tradition, but need to be better oriented and more widely implemented in order to compensate the providers of the services.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paying for water-related forest services: a survey on Italian payment mechanisms

Pettenella¹,

Vidale²,

Gatto³

et al. 2012

iForest

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“…The metastasis model was designed according to a spontaneous model, followed by surgical removal of the primary tumor . After 5 weeks, the mice were anesthetized with Zoletil (20 mg kg −1 IM) and the primary tumor was dissected . The mice were then randomly divided into two groups with four mice in each group.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐Anticoagulant Heparin Prodrug Loaded Biodegradable and Injectable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels for Enhanced Anti‐Metastasis Therapy

Andrgie

Mekuria

Addisu

et al. 2019

Macromolecular Bioscience

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required for successful cancer metastasis are: detachment of cancer cells from the primary mass, invasion of the local host tissue stroma, penetration of local lymphatic and blood vessels, survival during circulation, arrest in the capillaries of other organs, formation of microemboli, extravasation, and proliferation within the organ parenchyma. [8][9][10][11] The main challenges for metastasis treatment are systemic complexity, therapeutic resistance, and difficulty in early diagnosis. [10] Currently, there are no medicines available to specifically prevent cancer cell metastasis, but the development of inhibitory agents that selectively suppress or block metastasis-associated mechanisms provide an alternative for metastatic treatments. [12,13] Anti-metastasis therapy mainly focuses on interrupting the metastatic cascade of tumor cells. Even if the types of therapy depend on the timing of diagnosis, the typical anti-metastasis strategies are designed to block the initiation of metastasis, intercept and eradicate circulating tumor cells, and limit the formation of tumor cell colonies at distant organs. [14] For instance, MMP inhibitors, the Axl kinase inhibitor R428, miR-10b antagonists, and the fascin inhibitor Migrastatin are used as anti-metastatic agents for impairing the initial dissemination events. However effective anti-metastatic therapeutic agents must be capable of destroying the proliferation and survival of already disseminated tumor cells, rather than only seeking to block the exit of these cells from the primary tumor. [8] Treatments that involve a targeted sustained release of chemotherapeutic agents are the most prevalent approach to cancer treatment and inhibition of tumor metastasis. [15] Studies on cancer research have investigated hydrogels, nanoparticles, micelles, and liposomes for enhancing the efficacy of tumor treatment. Current studies on polymer-based tumor therapeutic systems focus on achieving the following goals: 1) providing anti-metastatic effects, 2) specific drug release in the tumor tissue, 3) enhanced antitumor efficacy, and 4) good biocompatibility and biodegradable properties of the nanoparticles. [16] Nevertheless, intravenous administration of therapeutic agents often leads to adverse systemic effects and rapid clearance from the circulating blood. Furthermore, frequent administration of anti-metastatic agents Injectable HydrogelsMetastasis is a pathogenic spread of cancer cells from the primary site to surrounding tissues and distant organs, making it one of the primary challenges for effective cancer treatment and the major cause of cancer mortality. Heparin-based biomaterials exhibit significant inhibition of cancer cell metastasis. In this study, a non-anticoagulate heparin prodrug is developed for metastasis treatment with a localized treatment system using temperature sensitive, injectable, and biodegradable (poly-(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-bpoly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide) polymeric hydrogel. The drug molecule (heparin) is conjugated with th...

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“…For example, climate change may introduce water scarcity in a shared aquifer, leading to conflicts over water use 31 . The realist-materialist branch of the commons literature is most prominently embodied in Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework 32 and the transaction cost economics approach applied to nature-related sectors 33,34 .…”

Section: Governance Of Social Dilemmas In Climate Change Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Governance of social dilemmas in climate change adaptation

Bisaro

Hinkel

2016

Nature Clim Change

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The ‘make or buy’ decision in private environmental transactions

Cited by 13 publications

References 42 publications

Paying for water-related forest services: a survey on Italian payment mechanisms

Paying for water-related forest services: a survey on Italian payment mechanisms

Non‐Anticoagulant Heparin Prodrug Loaded Biodegradable and Injectable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels for Enhanced Anti‐Metastasis Therapy

Governance of social dilemmas in climate change adaptation

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