The Main Trends in National Economic Disparities since the Industrial Revolution

Bairoch, Paul

doi:10.1007/978-1-349-04707-9_1

Cited by 68 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The answer must reside to a Sources. Trading exchange rates, national sources up to 1913, such as Carreras (1989), Lains (1995), Lazaretou (1995), Mata and Va l e rio (1994), , and, especially, cross-country quotations from Antio (1992), Posthumus (1946), Schneider and Schwarzer (1990), and Schneider et al (1993) For 1913-1938, League of Nations' Yearbooks and U S Statistical Abstract; IMF Yearbooks for The Maddison (R) column, refers to GDP per head expressed in 1990 U S dollars (at U S relative prices), computed from Maddison (1995) but revised with the latest GDP data available for each country as explained in the sources below in order to make it consistent with the new estimates Maddison's 1990 ''international dollars'' (Geary-Khamis) were previously converted into U S dollars with Maddison (1995, Table C-6) own appropriate ratios The Bairoch column derives from Bairoch (1976Bairoch ( , 1981Bairoch ( , 1989, and refers to GDP per head in 1960 U S dollars New current price estimates of GDP per head (column under Prados de la Escosura) are computed by converting product per head expressed in national currencies into U S dollars with Paasche PPPs derived from Eq (II) in Table 4 and represent real income expressed in U S relative prices (Laspeyres values) Nominal GDP estimates are (whenever possible) define at market prices per head and come from the following national sources stated below or from Mitchell (1992Mitchell ( , 1993Mitchell ( , 1994) or from OECD National Accounts and UN Yearbooks Population and trade figure are taken mainly from Mitchell (1992Mitchell ( , 1993Mitchell ( , 1994, and from the League of Nations, UN, and UNCTAD Yearbooks, unless stated in the national sources below Area surface comes from the World Almanac (1988), Cook and Paxton (1975), and, for Greece, Kostis and Petmezas (1998) National sources:…”

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confidence: 99%

International Comparisons of Real Product, 1820–1990: An Alternative Data Set

Escosura¹

2000

Explorations in Economic History

229

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In this paper a new set of current price estimates of per capita income, adjusted for each currency's purchasing power, is presented for a sample of mainly OECD countries during more than one and a half centuries. A short-cut method is used to derive current price comparisons for countries and periods in which aggregate PPPs are not available. Current price estimates of PPP-adjusted GDP appear to be more economically sound than constant price figures as economic agents react to current, not to constant, prices, and, therefore, would allow more appropriate cross-country comparisons of productivity and welfare. Country rankings in the new data set are different from those provided by earlier cross-country comparisons; among the new finding earlier U.S. leadership and the closer relative position of Britain and France over the 19th century can be highlighted.Widespread renewed efforts to produce historical national accounts have rendered many widely used data sets obsolete. Drawing on this research, economic historians have constructed new historical comparisons of product per head across countries by extrapolating present-day levels of GDP per person adjusted for differences in purchasing power backward with volume indices of product per

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confidence: 99%

International Comparisons of Real Product, 1820–1990: An Alternative Data Set

Escosura¹

2000

Explorations in Economic History

229

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“…These data have been elaborated by one of the authors and partially published elsewhere (Bairoch, 1976;Bairoch, 1980). The following presents very schematically (see the above cited articles for further details) the procedure used.…”

Section: (A2) Gnp (Total and Per Capita)mentioning

confidence: 97%

Factors of Urbanisation in the Nineteenth Century Developed Countries

Bairoch

Goertz

1986

Urban Studies

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This paper describes the situation from the beginning of the industrial revolution when levels of urbanisation were dependent on geography and the historical situation and when the general level of urbanisation was low, through the nineteenth century in which agricultural productivity and industrialisation determined the levels of urbanisation. This period represents a dramatic increase in the levels of urbanisation during which the present urban structures were put into place. A comparative econometric study, finds that economic growth pushed urbanisation, with industrialisation being the most important factor for Europe and agricultural productivity being quite important for the European settled countries. Other important factors are found to be, trade, total population, topography, and form of industrialisation. Railroad networks more or less extensive than normal were not found to be influential.

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“…According to Bairoch (1981), Britain had roughly the same per capita income as Asia in 1800; but, in 1950, it had gained a lead of close to six to one. Africa suffered a similar decline in its relative position.…”

Section: Core-periphery Contradictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Short History of the Global Economy Since 1800

Alam

2003

SSRN Journal

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The Main Trends in National Economic Disparities since the Industrial Revolution

Cited by 68 publications

References 2 publications

International Comparisons of Real Product, 1820–1990: An Alternative Data Set

International Comparisons of Real Product, 1820–1990: An Alternative Data Set

Factors of Urbanisation in the Nineteenth Century Developed Countries

A Short History of the Global Economy Since 1800

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