Factors of Urbanisation in the Nineteenth Century Developed Countries

Abstract

This paper describes the situation from the beginning of the industrial revolution when levels of urbanisation were dependent on geography and the historical situation and when the general level of urbanisation was low, through the nineteenth century in which agricultural productivity and industrialisation determined the levels of urbanisation. This period represents a dramatic increase in the levels of urbanisation during which the present urban structures were put into place. A comparative econometric study, finds that economic growth pushed urbanisation, with industrialisation being the most important factor for Europe and agricultural productivity being quite important for the European settled countries. Other important factors are found to be, trade, total population, topography, and form of industrialisation. Railroad networks more or less extensive than normal were not found to be influential.

Urbanization in Western China

“…First, total population has always been and still is the main criteria of urban designation in China. Bairoch and Goertz (1986) examined the factors of urbanization in the nineteenth century within developed countries. His research demonstrated that the total population and the population density were related to the urbanization level of a region.…”

Urbanization as a Global Historical Process: Theory and Evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa

“…against a backdrop of rising surplus, intensified regional trade, and falling mortality, the stage was set for european urbanization. 9 Between 1800 and 1900, the proportion of europe's population living in cities nearly tripled (growing from around 10 percent to 30 percent), and by the turn of the millennium approximately 70 percent of europe's population lived in urban areas (Bairoch and Goertz 1986;united nations 2010). through trade, colonialism, and, in the latter half of the twentieth century, international development assistance, the key technological and institutional developments that propelled europe's urban transition were diffused to other regions, stimulating urbanization there as well.…”

La influencia del ferrocarril en el desarrollo urbano español (1860-1910)

“…200-205) apoyá ndose en gran medida en Bairoch (1988, pp. 219-221) y Bairoch y Goertz (1986). Hay que advertir que el propio Bairoch cree que en sus cifras hay un cierto grado de arbitrariedad por la elecció n de ciudades y que los datos relativos a Españ a tienen un considerable margen de error.…”