The main sequence, a tool for studying human eye movements

Bahill, A. Terry; Clark, Michael R.; Stark, Lawrence

doi:10.1016/0025-5564(75)90075-9

Cited by 1,097 publications

(732 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…As found in the saccadic 'main sequence' of human eyes (Bahill et al 1975), we observed a marked increase in saccade velocity at larger saccade magnitudes in the whole-body saccades of salticids. This, in fact, is a defining feature of saccadic movements in general, and comes about at least partly due to inertia: at small saccade magnitudes, the proportion of time spent accelerating and decelerating the eye (or head) is larger than the proportion spent in mid-saccade, which is one reason why large magnitude saccades are carried out proportionally faster.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Saccadic tracking of targets mediated by the anterior-lateral eyes of jumping spiders

Zurek

Nelson

2012

J Comp Physiol A

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Saccadic tracking of targets mediated by the anterior-lateral eyes of jumping spiders

Zurek

Nelson

2012

J Comp Physiol A

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“…The main sequence is a relation between maximum saccade velocity and saccade amplitude (Bahill, Clark, & Stark, 1975) and is the direct result of the firing rate and firing duration of the brainstem motor neurons that control ocular muscles (Moschovakis & Highstein, 1994). According to the "neuro" part of the neurodevelopmental model, the main sequence should be controlled by brain systems involved in the final transmission of neural activity to effector muscles and, therefore, are common to the reflexive and voluntary saccade systems.…”

Section: Development Of the Main Sequence In Eye Movements: "Marker Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing neural models of the development of infant visual attention

Richards

Hunter

2002

Developmental Psychobiology

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Several models of the development of infant visual attention have used information about neural development. Most of these models have been based on nonhuman animal studies and have relied on indirect measures of neural development in human infants. This article discusses methods for studying a "neurodevelopmental" model of infant visual attention using indirect and direct measures of cortical activity. We concentrate on the effect of attention on eye movement control and show how animal-based models, indirect measurement in human infants, and direct measurement of brain activity inform this model. Keywordsinfant visual attention; visual behavior; neural development; reflexive saccades; voluntary saccades Several theoretical models have related age-linked brain development to the development of visual attention in young infants. These models have a basic assumption that visual attention is closely related to activity in specific brain areas. These "neurodevelopmental" models posit that changes in these brain areas form the basis for the age-linked changes found in visual behavior.The first model of this type was the "two visual systems" of Bronson (1974Bronson ( , 1997. This model postulated the existence of two visual systems in the brain that controlled visual behavior, the "primary" and "secondary" visual systems. The secondary system was hypothesized to be responsive to stimulus location and to movement and relatively mature at birth. Thus, visual behavior in the newborn and in the very young infant (up to 3-4 months) was suggested to be dominated by behaviors sensitive to stimulus location or movement. The primary visual system was hypothesized to be responsible for fine-pattern visual analysis. It was thought to be relatively immature at birth in the human and to show important developments in the first 3 to 6 months. Thus, visual behavior based upon this system would emerge and develop after about 3 months. The development of visual behavior and attention then would be controlled by the development of the neural systems underlying these behaviors. Other models of infant visual attention development have used Bronson's model, and/or have relied upon more contemporary knowledge about visual neuroscience. Models such as those by Karmel and Maisel (1975), Maurer and Lewis (1979), Salapatek (1975, Johnson (1990Johnson ( , 1995Johnson, Gilmore, & Csibra, 1998;Johnson, Mareschal, & Csibra, 2001;Johnson, Posner, & Rothbart, 1991), and Atkinson and Braddick (Atkinson & Braddick, 2002;Hood, Atkinson, & Braddick, 1998) have used several concepts in visual neuroscience to model the development of visual attention in young human infants. Johnson, for example, took an established model of eye movement control (Schiller, 1985(Schiller, , 1998 and knowledge of the development of the primary visual area and presented a model that showed how infant visual behavior was governed by changes in neural systems. We also have presented a neurodevelopmental model that concerned the effect of arousal on visual behavior in ...

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“…sequence (Bahill, Clark & Stark, 1975). In order to circumvent effects of this inherent relationship in our analysis, we have computed the standard deviations, from blocks of 15 trials, separately for gain and mean eye velocity, and have determined their correlation coefficient.…”

Section: Idfig)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scatter in the metrics of saccades and properties of the collicular motor map

1989

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Abstract-Saccades, elicited by an identical visual stimulus in repeated trials, exhibit a certain amount of amplitude and direction scatter. The present paper illustrates how this scatter may be used to discern various properties of the subsystem that determines the metrics of a saccade. It is found in humans that scatter along the eccentricity axis is consistently more pronounced than along the direction axis. The ratio of amplitude scatter and direction scatter is approximately constant for all target positions tested. In addition, the absolute amount of scatter increases roughly linearly with target eccentricity but does not depend on target direction. We have explored whether these findings may reflect noisy variations in the neural representation of the saccade vector at the level of the collicular motor map. There are good reasons to assume that the motor map, at least in the monkey, (1) is organized in polar coordinates, (2) has a nonhomogeneous (roughly logarithmic) representation of saccade amplitude and (3) is anisotropic in nature (Robinson, 1972; Ottes, Van Gisbergen & Eggermont, 1986;Van Gisbergen, Van Opstal & Tax, 1987). To account for the intertrial variability in saccades, we have slightly extended an existing model for the collicular role in the coding of saccade metrics by allowing small variations in both the total amount and the location of the collicular population activity. We discuss how such noisy variations at the level of the motor map would be expressed in the metrics of saccadic responses and consider alternative models which could explain our data.

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The main sequence, a tool for studying human eye movements

Cited by 1,097 publications

References 41 publications

Saccadic tracking of targets mediated by the anterior-lateral eyes of jumping spiders

Saccadic tracking of targets mediated by the anterior-lateral eyes of jumping spiders

Testing neural models of the development of infant visual attention

Scatter in the metrics of saccades and properties of the collicular motor map

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