The Long-Term Effect of Petroleum-Derived Substances and Their Bioremediation on the Host Plant (Vicia faba L.) and a Herbivore (Sitona spp.)

Abstract

The present study assessed distant-in-time effects of soil contamination with petroleum-derived substances (PDSs) (petrol, diesel fuel and used engine oil) and their bioremediation using ZB-01 biopreparation on the growth of broad bean, content of nutrients and heavy metals in plants, and feeding by imagines and larvae of Sitona spp. The results showed that even after 5 years from the moment of soil contamination by engine oil and diesel fuel, they negatively impacted the growth of broad bean plants. PDSs significantly modified the content of nutrients and generally increased the content of heavy metals in plant organs. These substances also negatively affected the feeding of adult Sitona spp., causing a reduction in the percentage of plants damaged by beetles, and a decrease in the surface of consumed areas on leaves. The ZB-01 biopreparation had a generally positive effect on the morphological features of plants, and its effect on the content of nutrients and heavy metals was variable, depending on the type of contaminant, the analyzed metals or nutrients, and the involved part of the plant. The biopreparation also inhibited the adverse effect of PDSs on the feeding by imago of Sitona spp.

The Effect of Petroleum-Derived Substances and Their Bioremediation on Soil Enzymatic Activity and Soil Invertebrates

“…The biostimulation of degradation by the addition of wastewater sludge in this type of pollution was found to be ineffective [47]. In our experiment, however, biopreparation ZB-01 caused decrease in C 12 -C 36 hydrocarbon content by 470 mg kg −1 and 80 mg kg −1 in fourth-and fifth-year post contamination, respectively [6,37].…”

“…C 12 -C 36 levels in P-contaminated soil were 12 mg kg −1 in P 0R and 7 mg kg −1 in P R [6]. In 2015, C 12 -C 36 hydrocarbon levels in the sections contaminated with oils were still higher than those in the control samples, but these levels had decreased by approximately 40% compared to those in the previous year [37]. The analysis of soil pH in 2014 revealed that the PDSs caused an increase in soil acidification, which was particularly evident for EO-contaminated soil, in which the pH value in H 2 O was nearly 1 scale lower than that in the initial soil (6.01 and 7.12 for EO 0R and initial soil, respectively).…”

“…Winter wheat was grown on the studied soil in 2014 (i.e., four years post contamination), while broad beans were grown in 2015 (i.e., five years post contamination). The data on the impact of PDSs and ZB-01 on these two plants and the herbivores feeding on them have been already published [6,37]. However, important part of this comprehensive evaluation of the effect of PDSs contamination, bioremediation and cultivation of plants was also assessment of soil enzymes activity and the condition of soil invertebrates.…”

“…The data on hydrocarbon content, soil pH, and C total content have already been published [6,37]. To give a broader background to the results on soil enzyme activity and soil fauna, we have presented here selected information.…”

Role of Different Material Amendments in Shaping the Content of Heavy Metals in Maize (Zea mays L.) on Soil Polluted with Petrol

“…A positive correlation between soil contamination with petrol and the content of zinc, iron, and manganese in alfalfa plants leaves was also demonstrated by Martí et al [ 61 ]. Gospodarek et al [ 62 ], who tested the effect of a dose 6 g of petrol per 1 kg −1 d.m. of soil, observed reduced accumulation of copper, lead, zinc, nickel, iron, and manganese in aerial parts of Vicia faba beans.…”