The long road to engineering durable disease resistance in wheat

Wulff, Brande B. H.; Krattinger, Simon G.

doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2021.09.002

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The present study has several implications for plant health with respect to wheat production in Europe and beyond. The lack of stem rust resistance in widely grown European wheat varieties stress an urgent need to initiate new breeding efforts with a focus on stem rust resistance in current and future breeding programs, which could involve both conventional breeding methodologies ( Singh et al, 2015 ) and use of new approaches ( Luo et al, 2021 ; Wulff and Krattinger, 2022 ). The rapid recolonization of stem rust across large wheat growing areas, where the disease has been absent for decades, the documentation of recent exotic incursions of highly virulent races from areas outside Europe, and the existence of genetically diverse, local stem rust populations in proximity to the alternate host, Berberis spp., capable of infecting multiple host species such as barley, bread wheat, durum wheat, spelt, rye and grass weeds, stress the importance of regular and coordinated pathogen and disease surveillance efforts at both European and global scales.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wheat Stem Rust Back in Europe: Diversity, Prevalence and Impact on Host Resistance

et al. 2022

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The objective of this study was to investigate the re-emergence of a previously important crop pathogen in Europe, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, causing wheat stem rust. The pathogen has been insignificant in Europe for more than 60 years, but since 2016 it has caused epidemics on both durum wheat and bread wheat in local areas in southern Europe, and additional outbreaks in Central- and West Europe. The prevalence of three distinct genotypes/races in many areas, Clade III-B (TTRTF), Clade IV-B (TKTTF) and Clade IV-F (TKKTF), suggested clonal reproduction and evolution by mutation within these. None of these genetic groups and races, which likely originated from exotic incursions, were detected in Europe prior to 2016. A fourth genetic group, Clade VIII, detected in Germany (2013), was observed in several years in Central- and East Europe. Tests of representative European wheat varieties with prevalent races revealed high level of susceptibility. In contrast, high diversity with respect to virulence and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers were detected in local populations on cereals and grasses in proximity to Berberis species in Spain and Sweden, indicating that the alternate host may return as functional component of the epidemiology of wheat stem rust in Europe. A geographically distant population from Omsk and Novosibirsk in western Siberia (Russia) also revealed high genetic diversity, but clearly different from current European populations. The presence of Sr31-virulence in multiple and highly diverse races in local populations in Spain and Siberia stress that virulence may emerge independently when large geographical areas and time spans are considered and that Sr31-virulence is not unique to Ug99. All isolates of the Spanish populations, collected from wheat, rye and grass species, were succesfully recovered on wheat, which underline the plasticity of host barriers within P. graminis. The study demonstrated successful alignment of two genotyping approaches and race phenotyping methodologies employed by different laboratories, which also allowed us to line up with previous European and international studies of wheat stem rust. Our results suggest new initiatives within disease surveillance, epidemiological research and resistance breeding to meet current and future challenges by wheat stem rust in Europe and beyond.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wheat Stem Rust Back in Europe: Diversity, Prevalence and Impact on Host Resistance

et al. 2022

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“…Another important challenge in breeding for leaf rust resistance is the limited number of Lr genes that have been cloned ( Lr1 , Lr10, Lr21, Lr22a, Lr34, Lr67 ) and therefore cloning more genes is needed to understand the variation between such a large number of Lr genes and the mechanism used for their operation for providing resistance ( Dinh et al, 2020 ; Prasad et al, 2020 ). According to some optimistic views, it will be possible in the next 15 years to clone most of the ∼460 known wheat resistance genes and their corresponding effectors, making it possible to design suitable strategies for resistance breeding in wheat ( Wulff and Krattinger 2022 ). We, however feel that cloning of so many genes in a short period of 15 years may not be immediately possible.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Resistance Genes and Their Use in the Development of Leaf Rust Resistant Cultivars in Wheat

et al. 2022

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Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. The production and productivity of wheat is adversely affected by several diseases including leaf rust, which can cause yield losses, sometimes approaching >50%. In the present mini-review, we provide updated information on (i) all Lr genes including those derived from alien sources and 14 other novel resistance genes; (ii) a list of QTLs identified using interval mapping and MTAs identified using GWAS (particular those reported recently i.e., after 2018) and their association with known Lr genes; (iii) introgression/pyramiding of individual Lr genes in commercial/prominent cultivars from 18 different countries including India. Challenges and future perspectives of breeding for leaf rust resistance are also provided at the end of this mini-review. We believe that the information in this review will prove useful for wheat geneticists/breeders, not only in the development of leaf rust-resistant wheat cultivars, but also in the study of molecular mechanism of leaf rust resistance in wheat.

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“…The deployment of suitable R genes is a major breeding objective to reduce the negative impact of pathogens on crop production, including in wheat. Recent years have made significant progress in identifying and cloning a wide variety of R genes in wheat (Wulff & Krattinger, 2022). Yet, the identification of the corresponding Avr genes is lacking far behind.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplexed effector screening for recognition by endogenous resistance genes using positive defense reporters in wheat protoplasts

Wilson,

Dagvadorj,

Tam

et al. 2024

New Phytologist

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Summary Plant resistance (R) and pathogen avirulence (Avr) gene interactions play a vital role in pathogen resistance. Efficient molecular screening tools for crops lack far behind their model organism counterparts, yet they are essential to rapidly identify agriculturally important molecular interactions that trigger host resistance. Here, we have developed a novel wheat protoplast assay that enables efficient screening of Avr/R interactions at scale. Our assay allows access to the extensive gene pool of phenotypically described R genes because it does not require the overexpression of cloned R genes. It is suitable for multiplexed Avr screening, with interactions tested in pools of up to 50 Avr candidates. We identified Avr/R‐induced defense genes to create a promoter‐luciferase reporter. Then, we combined this with a dual‐color ratiometric reporter system that normalizes read‐outs accounting for experimental variability and Avr/R‐induced cell death. Moreover, we introduced a self‐replicative plasmid reducing the amount of plasmid used in the assay. Our assay increases the throughput of Avr candidate screening, accelerating the study of cellular defense signaling and resistance gene identification in wheat. We anticipate that our assay will significantly accelerate Avr identification for many wheat pathogens, leading to improved genome‐guided pathogen surveillance and breeding of disease‐resistant crops.

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The long road to engineering durable disease resistance in wheat

Cited by 15 publications

References 48 publications

Wheat Stem Rust Back in Europe: Diversity, Prevalence and Impact on Host Resistance

Wheat Stem Rust Back in Europe: Diversity, Prevalence and Impact on Host Resistance

An Update on Resistance Genes and Their Use in the Development of Leaf Rust Resistant Cultivars in Wheat

Multiplexed effector screening for recognition by endogenous resistance genes using positive defense reporters in wheat protoplasts

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