The Loci of Stutterings In The Speech Sequence

Brown, Spencer F.

doi:10.1044/jshd.1003.181

Cited by 177 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Second, past research has found that stuttering in adult individuals is often influenced by linguistic factors such as initial phoneme, word length, and grammatical function (Brown, 1945). The present findings, however, indicate that phonologic difficulty is not one of the factors that exerts a powerful influence on the occurrence of early stuttering in preschool children.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Relation Between Phonologic Difficulty and the Occurrence of Disfluencies in the Early Stage of Stuttering

Throneburg

Yairi

Paden

1994

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Relation Between Phonologic Difficulty and the Occurrence of Disfluencies in the Early Stage of Stuttering

Throneburg

Yairi

Paden

1994

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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“…Bloodstein Studies by and Johnson and Ainsworth (1938) also supported the view that moments of stuttering occur at consistent loci in a non-random order. Brown (1945) concluded lexical words are stuttered more frequently than function words. Soderberg (196~) on the other hand, fouµd function words and.pronouns are stuttered more often than lexical words because function words and pronouns occur more often, and they usually have higher information values.…”

Section: The Consistency Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

An electromyographic comparison of muscle action potentials of adult stutterers during signalled expectancy and non-expectancy to stutter

Miller

2000

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Numerous studies have demonstrated the tension component of stuttering behavior; however, the relationship between muscle tension and the moment of signalled expectancy to stutter has not been investigated. Many theories of stuttering are based on the hypothesis that all moments of stuttering are preceded by expectancy to stutter. It also is held by many authorities on stuttering that expectancy is a precipitative, if not causal, factor of stuttering. If such is the case, one might expect to see the moment of signalled expectancy to stutter accompanied by an increase in muscle tension in the speech mechanism. 2The purpose of this study was to determine what relationship (if any) exists between signalled expectancy to stutter and a significant increase in muscle action potential in adults as measured by electromyography (EMG).The question posed in this study was: Is the moment of signalled expectancy to stutter accompanied by a .significant increase in muscle tension compared to the moment of signalled non-expectancy to stutter as measured by EMG? In answer to this question, the present study demonstrated no significant increase in muscle tension during signalled expectancy to stutter.The subjects in this study included 9 male and 1 female stutterers ranging in age from 22 years to 50 years of age with a mean age of 32 years and 9 months. This study took place in a 6' x 8' shielded room containing a Grass electroencephalograph amplifier, Model 6B, with a built-in 8-channel polygraph recorder. Seven of the 8 channels were utilized for this study. Tin, dish-shaped electrodes were placed at 6 sites as follows: orbicularis oris; digastric muscle; slightly above the larynx; trapezius muscle; right earlobe (reference electrode); and center of the forehead (ground electrode). Muscle action potentials (MAPs) were recorded for the first 4 electrode sites. Each subject was presented with 50 test words, one at a time.Before saying each word aloud, the subject indicated whether or not he expected to stutter when saying the word by pressing a button once for "yes" and twice for "no." After pressing the button, the subject was signalled to say the word.Peak-to-peak measurements of muscle action potentials for 10 expectancy responses and 10 non-expectancy responses, selected at random, were taken for each of the subjects at each of the 4 electrode Further analysis of the data revealed a high correlation of +0.77 between accuracy of prediction and the frequency of stuttering.The more one stuttered, the more accurate he was in predicting his stuttering. Conversely, the less one stuttered, the greater the error of prediction. , Those subjects who were most accurate in predicting moments of stuttering stuttered on all or nearly all of their expectancy words. Those who were least accurate in predicting their stuttering expected to stutter much more often than they actually did. 4The relationship between the frequency of stuttering and percentage of expectancy words demonstrated a moderate correlation of +0.65. On!e possible interpre...

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“…For example, older children and adults who stutter tend to stutter more on words that are less frequently occurring in language (Danzger & Halpern, 1973;Hubbard & Prins, 1994;Palen & Peterson, 1982;Ronson, 1976;Soderberg, 1966) and longer in length (S. F. Brown, 1945;S. F. Brown & Moren, 1942;Dworzynski, Howell, & Natke, 2003;Howell & Au-Yeung, 1995;Wingate, 1967).…”

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confidence: 99%

Phonological Neighborhood and Word Frequency Effects in the Stuttered Disfluencies of Children Who Stutter

Anderson

2007

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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Purpose-The purpose of this study was to examine (a) the role of neighborhood density (number of words that are phonologically similar to a target word) and frequency variables on the stutteringlike disfluencies of preschool children who stutter, and (b) whether these variables have an effect on the type of stuttering-like disfluency produced.Method-A 500+ word speech sample was obtained from each participant (N = 15). Each stuttered word was randomly paired with the firstly produced word that closely matched it in grammatical class, familiarity, and number of syllables/phonemes. Frequency, neighborhood density, and neighborhood frequency values were obtained for the stuttered and fluent words from an online database.Results-Findings revealed that stuttered words were lower in frequency and neighborhood frequency than fluent words. Words containing part-word repetitions and sound prolongations were also lower in frequency and/or neighborhood frequency than fluent words, but these frequency variables did not have an effect on single-syllable word repetitions. Neighborhood density failed to influence the susceptibility of words to stuttering, as well as the type of stuttering-like disfluency produced.Conclusions-In general, findings suggest that neighborhood and frequency variables not only influence the fluency with which words are produced in speech, but also have an impact on the type of stuttering-like disfluency produced. Keywords stuttering; language; phonological neighborhood; frequency; children A number of linguistic factors have been shown to have an impact on the fluency with which words are produced in speech. For example, older children and adults who stutter tend to stutter more on words that are less frequently occurring in language (Danzger & Halpern, 1973;Hubbard & Prins, 1994;Palen & Peterson, 1982;Ronson, 1976;Soderberg, 1966) and longer in length (S. F. Brown, 1945; S. F. Brown & Moren, 1942;Dworzynski, Howell, & Natke, 2003;Howell & Au-Yeung, 1995;Wingate, 1967). Such phenomena have led to the suggestion that stuttering is a linguistically constrained manifestation of difficulties with linguistic formulation processes (Ratner, 1997). The notion that stuttering stems from linguistic formulation difficulties is, in fact, the sine qua non of several current models of stuttering (AuYeung & Howell, 1998;Perkins, Kent, & Curlee, 1991;Postma & Kolk, 1993;Wingate, 1988). For example, according to the covert repair hypothesis (CRH; Postma & Kolk, 1993), both stuttered (e.g., part-word repetitions, single-syllable word repetitions, sound NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript prolongations, blocks, and tense pauses) and normal (e.g., multisyllable/phrase repetitions, revisions, and interjections; Yairi & Ambrose, 1992 disfluencies involve a "covert repair reaction" to some error in the speech plan. Specifically, the CRH posits that phonological processing is slower than normal in people who stutter, which increases the probability that they will select and in...

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The Loci of Stutterings In The Speech Sequence

Cited by 177 publications

References 8 publications

Relation Between Phonologic Difficulty and the Occurrence of Disfluencies in the Early Stage of Stuttering

Relation Between Phonologic Difficulty and the Occurrence of Disfluencies in the Early Stage of Stuttering

An electromyographic comparison of muscle action potentials of adult stutterers during signalled expectancy and non-expectancy to stutter

Phonological Neighborhood and Word Frequency Effects in the Stuttered Disfluencies of Children Who Stutter

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