The lipid and protein structure of mouse stratum corneum: A wide and small angle diffraction study

Effect of Nerolidol and/or Levulinic Acid on the Thermotropic Behavior of Lipid Lamellar Structures in the Stratum Corneum

“…The former is derived from hexagonal and orthorhombic structures, and the latter is derived from only orthorhombic structures. 15,23,25) Figure 1 presents the synchrotron X-ray diffraction results for hairless mouse stratum corneum treated with water (W), 3.0% (w/w) levulinic acid (L3), 1.0% (w/w) nerolidol +3.0% (w/w) levulinic acid (N1L3), and 1.0% (w/w) nerolidol (N1) at 20°C. The profile of L3 was nearly identical to that of W. By contrast, the stratum corneum treated with nerolidol (N1, N1L3) exhibited a significant decrease in intensity, and gel lipids occurred near 2.2 nm…”

“…[15][16][17] The observation of hydrocarbon chain packing by wide-angle X-ray diffraction has revealed hexagonal packing with a lattice distance of approximately 0.42 nm and orthorhombic packing with lattice distances of approximately 0.42 and 0.37 nm.…”

“…14) Intercellular lipid structures in the stratum corneum of skin act as a barrier to drug permeability. 15) These lipids have been shown to form hexagonal and orthorhombic structures. [15][16][17] The observation of hydrocarbon chain packing by wide-angle X-ray diffraction has revealed hexagonal packing with a lattice distance of approximately 0.42 nm and orthorhombic packing with lattice distances of approximately 0.42 and 0.37 nm.…”

“…15) These lipids have been shown to form hexagonal and orthorhombic structures. [15][16][17] The observation of hydrocarbon chain packing by wide-angle X-ray diffraction has revealed hexagonal packing with a lattice distance of approximately 0.42 nm and orthorhombic packing with lattice distances of approximately 0.42 and 0.37 nm. 18) Although characteristic structures have been identified, the mechanism of action of permeation enhancers on stratum corneum lipids remains unclear.…”

Novel Preparation of Intercellular Lipid Models of the Stratum Corneum Containing Stereoactive Ceramide

“…The lipid microstructure, the molecular arrangement of intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum, has been investigated using synchrotron X-ray scattering and neutron diffraction. [1][2][3] Two kinds of lamellar structures were observed by small angle Xray scattering (SAXS) and neutron diffraction. One of them is a short lamellar structure with a repeat distance of about 6 nm, and the other is a long one with a repeat distance thought to be about 13 nm.…”