THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PHYLLODISTOMUM SOLIDUM RANKIN, 1937, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE MORPHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT AND TAXONOMY OF THE GORGODERINAE (TREMATODA)

Alternative Life Cycle Strategies and Colonization of Young Anurans by Gorgoderina attenuata in Nebraska

“…All other North American amphibian gorgoderids for which life cycles are known have a metacercaria stage, which suggests that a 3-host life cycle is the ancestral condition in amphibian gorgoderids (Krull, 1935;Rankin, 1939;Goodchild, 1943Goodchild, , 1948Goodchild, , 1950Ubelaker and Olsen, 1972). However, there are exceptions to the 3-host life cycle in this family of trematodes, with at least 1 other amphibian bladder fluke exhibiting an alternative 2-or 3-host life cycle.…”

“…North American species of Gorgodera and Gorgoderina primarily use tadpoles as second intermediate hosts but can also use odonates and molluscs. However, species of Phylodistomum use arthropods as second intermediate hosts, while adult amphibians become infected by ingesting arthropods, snails, tadpoles, or other frogs infected with metacercariae (Krull, 1935;Rankin, 1939;Crawford, 1940;Goodchild, 1943Goodchild, , 1948Ubelaker and Olsen, 1972). Field studies also indicate that within individual anuran species, newly metamorphosed and juvenile anurans are less commonly infected with bladder flukes than are larger adult frogs because of small gape size, which affects the size of potential intermediate hosts that can be ingested by these frogs (see Bolek and Coggins, 2003;Bolek and Janovy, 2007a).…”

The life history and host-parasite relationships of Phyllodistomum staffordi (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae)

“…Table 1. Subfamilies and genera of the family Gorgoderidae (according to Goodchild, 1943) Table 2. Subfamilies and genera of the family Gorgoderidae (according to Yamaguti, 1958) According to Nybelin (1926), the first recorded phyllodistome was probably Fasciola umblae Fabricius, 1780, from thekidney of Salmo alpinus.…”

“…Using laboratory-raised hosts, Krull (1933Krull ( , 1935 Goodchild (1940Goodchild ( , 1943 reported the life cycle of P. solidum, whose definitive host is a salamander (Desmognathus fus eus) and whose inter mediate hosts are a fingernail clam (Pisidium abditum) and odonatan naiads (Ischnura, Agria, Enallagma, and Libellula). Groves (1945) from a known number of cercariae when the metacercarial host was a larval salamander and not a naiad.…”

“…Because much of their work has been con sidered contradictory and confusing (Nybelin, 192 6;Steen, 1938a;and Goodchild, 1943) it will not be included here. The most notable of these workers was Sinitzin who reported cycles of P. folium, Gorgodera cygnoides (G. loossi), G. pagenstecheri, G. varsoviensis, and Gorgoderina vitelliloba.…”