The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study

Leske, M. Cristina; Chylack, Leo T.; Wu, Suh‐Yuh

doi:10.1001/archopht.1991.01080020090051

Cited by 535 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Strength of association, lower cataractogenic effect in past smokers vs current smokers, which addresses the issue of reversibility, and a clear dose-response effect were demonstrated. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] A population-attributable risk of smoking for nuclear cataract can reach 17%. 23 Defining smoking as a cause of cataract gave a boost to 'Stop Smoking' campaigns, adding the issue of visual impairment to the issue of mortality from lung cancer, heart disease, and chronic obstructive airways disease.…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

External factors in the development of cataract

Robman

Taylor

2005

Eye

170

114

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Aims To provide an update on the risk factors for cataract development. Methods Review of the literature. Results Age and heredity are the most important risk factors associated with the different types of cataract. While the hereditary component is self-explanatory, increasing age serves as a surrogate for a number of potential external risk factors, the effect of which is cumulative. Identification of the risk factors that have a causal effect on cataract development may provide means for cataract prevention. There are only a few risk factors that satisfy the criteria for causal effect: smoking, which results in the increased risk of nuclear cataract, excessive UV-B exposure and diabetes that increase the risk of cortical cataract, and steroidal treatment, diabetes and ionising radiation that lead to the formation of posterior subcapsular opacity. The effect of medications on cataract development requires further study, since the effect of the diseases should be distinguished from that of treatment. 'Stop Smoking' and 'UV-B protection' campaigns are gaining momentum as preventative measures, while the attempts to actively prevent cataract with antioxidants have not been successful. Cataract research has been facilitated lately by improvements of precision and standardisation in measuring lens opacities. However, measurement precision on its own cannot give us a solution to this problem. Conclusion The major studies repeatedly measure the exposure to the traditional health hazards, while the missing parts in the equation are those risk factors that we do not know about and therefore do not measure. New approaches and new hypotheses are needed.

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Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

External factors in the development of cataract

Robman

Taylor

2005

Eye

170

114

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“…Several studies, both experimental and clinical have indeed revealed an increased prevalence of various conditions such as cataract and age related macular degeneration in population groups exposed to oxidative stress (9-13). In contrast, results from studies aimed at determining any beneficial role of dietary supplementation of antioxidants in either preventing, delaying or reversing the effects of OFR and other free radical induced damage have been largely inconclusive (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). This is explainable by the following facts:…”

Section: Biological Sources Of Anti-oxidantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Divalent and tetravalent interactions of oxygen do not generate toxic intermediates. 9 Toxic oxygen intermediates are formed from endogenous and several exogenous sources. 9 The toxic metabolites liberated during oxygen interactions are : 1.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Toxic oxygen intermediates are formed from endogenous and several exogenous sources. 9 The toxic metabolites liberated during oxygen interactions are : 1. Superoxide anion radical (02) or the Superoxide radical.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydrogen Peroxide (H202), by its ability to get oxidized into hydroxyl radical. 9 These intermediates are highly reactive because they do not face spin restrictions. Being highly reactive, they have a strong tendency to oxidize biological molecules like lipids, proteins and the nucleic acids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antioxidants: Basis concepts in relation to the eye

Venkatesh

Satpal

Verma

et al. 2001

Indian J Clin Biochem

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Antioxidants are a small group of substances that protect living cells from the destructive consequences of powerful oxidizing intermediates that can be formed from oxygen. Situations in which pro-oxidant mechanisms within the body are more active than the antioxidant mechanisms (oxidative stress) predispose and contribute to the pathogenesis of several ailments in various organs of the body. In the eye, pro-oxidant factors have been blamed for the causation of diseases such as age related mecular degeneration and senile cataract. The role of pro.oxidants in the genesis of certain diseases is well established however, the effectivity of antioxidants provided to the body by dietary supplementation is inconclusive. In this article we provide a review on the basic concepts of antioxidant-pro-oxidant interaction in relation to its effects on the eye.

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