“…As widely documented in the literature, personality disordered patients present major difficulties in constructing and maintaining the therapeutic alliance. Such patients represent a great challenge for clinicians, as evidenced by Safran and Muran’s studies (Muran, Safran, Samstag, & Winston, 2005 ; Muran et al, 2009 ; Muran, Segal, Samstag, & Crawford, 1994 ) and confirmed by further research (Bender, 2005 ; Colli, Gentile, Condino, & Lingiardi, 2019 ; Smith, Hilsenroth, Fiori, & Bornstein, 2014 ; Tanzilli, Colli, Gualco, & Lingiardi, 2018 ). In their qualitative study Dropout and narcissism: an exploratory research about situational factors and personality variables of the psychotherapist (2019, pp.…”