Beginning in March 2020, the Italian population was subjected to a lockdown lasting approximately 3 months due to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emergency. Drawing on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of dream data, the present study aimed at exploring the effects of social isolation and the lockdown on Italian people's dreams, focusing on content and dominating emotions. An online survey was administered to 598 participants who aged 18-70 years (M = 30.9, SD = 10.9). In the survey, participants were asked to: (a) write down two dreams they had during the lockdown and (b) provide data on demographic and socioeconomic factors; sleep quality before and after lockdown; and levels of anxiety, depression, and rumination. Questions also explored participants' perceived fear of contagion, dream recall frequency (DRF), and dream vividness. Participants' dream transcripts revealed a majority of negative emotions-particularly fear/fright/terror and anxiety/anguish/preoccupation. Moreover, several themes emerged from the content analysis, including relationships, the human and natural environment, and COVID-19. The results deepen our understanding of the dominant dream emotions of people experiencing a collective stressful event, such as the social isolation necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, the findings support the continuity hypothesis, which holds that dreams tend to reflect the emotional concerns of the dreamer and help to integrate intense or disruptive emotions experienced during waking life.

This study investigates the relationship between the Depth of elaboration, the therapeutic alliance, and dimensions of the psychotherapy process--the therapist interventions, the patient contributions, and patient/therapist patterns of interaction. Sixty psychotherapy sessions that were audio-taped and transcribed were rated by external judges by using a battery of instruments that included the Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (Jones, 1985, 2000), the Working Alliance Inventory-Observer (Horvath, 1981, 1982; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989), and the Depth Scale of Session Evaluation Questionnaire (Stiles & Snow, 1984a). The results show a significant positive correlation between Depth and therapeutic alliance, as well as between Depth, therapeutic alliance, and some variables of the therapeutic process. The findings indicate the importance of therapist interventions that focus on the patient's affects, relational patterns, and the "here and now" of the relationship in the increase of the Depth of elaboration and therapeutic alliance. The clinical implications of this study will be discussed.

The results indicate that the revised CIS is a reliable rating system that is useful for both empirical research and clinical assessments. Clinical or methodological significance of this article: The CIS-R is a reliable rating system that is suitable for both empirical research and clinical assessment. It is useful for recognizing rupture and resolution processes, both in clinical everyday practice and in psychotherapists' training. Application of the CIS-R promotes clinical reflection on the therapeutic action used to manage ruptures in a session.

The aims of this study were to identify (a) patterns of clinicians' emotional responses to patients with eating disorders (ED); (b) patient, clinician, and treatment variables associated with therapist emotional responses; and (c) the influence of patient personality on therapist emotional responses. A random national sample of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists (N = 149) was asked to examine one patient (>18 years old) with an ED. Clinicians completed the SWAP-200, the Therapist Response Questionnaire, and the Clinical Questionnaire-Eating Disorder Form to provide general information about themselves, patients, and therapies. Results suggested a therapist pattern of emotional response in relation to different ED diagnosis and indicated meaningful influence of therapist experience and patient variables (such as sexual abuse, dissociative symptoms, and self-harm) on therapist emotional reactions. Finally, regression analysis suggested that therapist responses are more related to patient personality than ED symptoms. This study confirms the importance of patient personality in evoking specific therapists' reactions.

This study used naturalistic data from psychodynamic (PD) and cognitive-behavioral (CB) clinicians in the community to offer a portrait of treatments for eating disorder (ED) patients as provided in everyday clinical practice. The research aims were (1) to examine the therapeutic interventions reported by PD and CB clinicians working with ED patients; and (2) to assess the impact of different variables (such as patient personality styles, ED symptomatology, and therapists' theoretical orientation and experience) on the technique use reported by clinicians. A national sample of PD and CB clinicians (N = 105) completed the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200; Westen & Shedler, 1999a, 1999b) to assess personality disorders of a female patient with EDs in their care, as well as the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale-Bulimia Nervosa (CPPS-BN; Thompson-Brenner & Westen, 2005) to describe the characteristic interventions used in their treatments. Results showed that PD clinicians tended to use primarily PD interventions, while CB clinicians employed CB techniques supplementing them with a wider range of PD strategies. However, clinicians from both theoretical orientations used adjunctive treatment techniques for EDs at a similar level. In addition, use of PD interventions was strongly associated with the personality styles of ED patients regardless of therapists' orientation, primarily being used more often when patients exhibited dysregulated and impulsive styles. Conversely, use of CB interventions was primarily related to a clinicians' CB orientation, patients with more explicit symptoms of anorexia nervosa, and negatively related to clinicians' years of experience. The clinical implications of these findings were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record