“…This evidence, and the above considerations, have implications for understanding the function of consciousness, supporting the notions that adaptive behaviours, where selective and flexible decision-making is involved, require consciousness for successful operation. Complex forms of learning (including trace conditioning, second-order conditioning, or flexible re-learning) have been considered to share overlapping markers with the hallmarks of consciousness, suggesting that the two may be evolutionarily intertwined (Birch, Ginsburg, & Jablonka, 2021Ginsburg & Jablonka, 2019). Elsewhere, consciousness has been closely tied to action, providing a frame of reference for individuals' active interactions with the world (Clark, 2016;Land, 2012;Merker, 2005;Seth et al, 2016).…”