The Layered Oxides in Lithium and Sodium‐Ion Batteries: A Solid‐State Chemistry Approach

Abstract

This paper gives an overview of the research carried out on lithium and sodium layered materials as positive electrodes of lithium (sodium)‐ion batteries. It focuses on the solid‐state chemistry contribution to discover new materials and to optimize the properties versus the requirements imposed by the applications. Among, all material structures, which are considered, the layered ones (lithium based), are the best candidates for high energy density batteries for mobile applications. Recently, the homologous Na materials, which have lower energy, are considered for stationary applications due to their low price. Starting for LiMO2 materials or NaxMO2 (0.5 < x < 1), many substituted phases, obtained by high‐temperature solid‐state chemistry, have allowed stabilizing the layered structure in large composition domains to increase the specific capacity, which is directly related to the number of exchanged electrons during the cycling process.

Structural Aspects of P2‐Type Na0.67Mn0.6Ni0.2Li0.2O2 (MNL) Stabilization by Lithium Defects as a Cathode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…The most frequent ones are P2 and O3, where the numbers indicate the number of TMO layers per unit cell. [9] Structural properties of layered oxides for LIBs and SIBs have been recently discussed by Delmas et al [10] In view of its elemental abundance, price, and environmental friendliness, Mn-rich layered oxides are highly desirable for SIBs. [11][12][13][14] Na x MnO 2 (0.44 < x < 1.0) has been intensively studied since the 1970s with varying parameters of calcination temperature, Na content, and cut-off potential.…”

The Latest Trends in Electric Vehicles Batteries

“…Dating back to 1980, LiCoO was the first chemistry to be successfully implemented in a cathode for LIBs [ 25 , 50 ], and it is still the most widely used chemistry in portable devices. Good ionic and electronic conductivities are key advantages of Co-based cathode; another important feature is the structural stability, which is related with the Co ions redox energy, significantly lower than for Li/Li and graphite, leading to good cation ordering and high theoretical capacity (∼274 mAh·g [ 51 ]), with an operating voltage in the range of 3.8–4.3 V. However, since their electronic band is overlapped with the O : 2p band [ 25 ] (see Figure 6 ) instability related with oxygen release limits the practical capacity to ∼150 mAh·g , as can be shown in Table 1 .…”

A phosphite-based layered framework as a novel positive electrode material for Na-ion batteries

“…5,6 Thus, the energy density of the practical SIBs depends on the performance of positive electrodes. Of the various prospective candidates such as layered transition metal oxides 7,8 and polyanionic frameworks 9 , vanadium containing phosphates and fluorophosphates such as Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , 10 NaVOPO 4 , [11][12][13][14] NaVPO 4 F 15,16 and Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 17,18 have attracted huge attention due to satisfactory capacity, high redox potentials and ultra-long cycle life. To understand the structural differences in the frameworks, various polymorphs of NaVOPO 4 have been studied and compared by Aparicio et al They reported that layered α I -NaVOPO 4 with tunnels in the layer exhibits high ionic conductivity due to their high mobility of Na + ions and 3D Na diffusion pathways with low activation energy which facilitates better Na-storage properties.…”