The Language of “Race” and Prejudice

Augoustinos, Martha; Every, Danielle

doi:10.1177/0261927x07300075

Cited by 306 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The past 3 decades have seen a burgeoning literature on language, prejudice, and discrimination informed by a multitude of disciplines, including linguistics, social psychology, sociology, critical discourse studies, and discursive psychology (Augoustinos & Every, 2007). Discourse is a level of language use that can be oral or written and can be approached in textual, sociocultural, or sociointeractional terms (Sherzer, 1987).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Theory of Relational Ageism: A Discourse Analysis of the 2015 White House Conference on Aging

2017

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Purpose: The widespread use of ageist language is generally accepted as commonplace and routine in most cultures and settings. In order to disrupt ageism, we must examine the use of ageist language and sentiments among those on the front line of providing advocacy, services, and policy for older adults; the professional culture of the aging services network. The recorded video segments from the sixth White House Conference on Aging (WHCOA) provided a unique opportunity to examine discourse used by professionals and appointed representatives in the field of aging within a professional sociocultural context. Design and Methods: A qualitative discourse analysis of video recordings was used to analyze the 15 video fragments that comprised the recorded sessions of the 2015 WHCOA. Results: About 26 instances were identified that captured statements expressing personal age, aging or an age-related characteristic negatively in regard to self or other (microageism), and/or statements expressing global negative opinions or beliefs about aging and older adults based on group membership (macroageism). A theoretical pathway was established that represents the dynamic process by which ageist statements were expressed and reinforced (relational ageism). Implications: Numerous instances of ageism were readily identified as part of a live streamed and publically accessible professional conference attended and presented by representatives of the aging services network. To make meaningful gains in the movement to disrupt ageism and promote optimal aging for all individuals, we must raise awareness of the relational nature, expression, and perpetuation of ageism.

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confidence: 99%

A Theory of Relational Ageism: A Discourse Analysis of the 2015 White House Conference on Aging

2017

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“…However, these are joined here by a novel strategy which functions to obviate any imputation that UKIP's policy may be racist, xenophobic or otherwise discriminatory by seeking to individualize and psychologize immigration. In broad terms, this can be seen as an example of the way in which liberal arguments can be used for illiberal ends (Augoustinos & Every, 2007). The emphasis on values of individualism and rationalism is a key feature of work on new racism, and these tropes are in evidence in the way in which the points system is mobilised in the present analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In an influential review, Augoustinos and Every (2007) summarised five strategies commonly used when issues of 'race' and racism become live. First, speakers explicitly deny racism.…”

Section: The Language Of 'Race' and Racismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“An Australian-style points system”: Individualizing immigration in radical right discourse in the 2015 U.K. General election campaign.

Gibson

Booth

2018

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

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Analyses of racist discourse have often involved data from contexts concerning issues of human mobility. A great deal of this literature points to the extent to which people draw on the tropes of liberalism to justify social exclusion, and in particular to warrant negative evaluations of outgroups. Using media data from political debates involving the radical right-wing U.K. Independence Party (UKIP) in the U.K. General Election campaign of 2015, the present article highlights a different rhetorical strategy by which exclusion can be warranted by speakers arguing for a reduction in immigration. This novel strategy explicitly avoids any negative characterization of outgroups, and instead advocates the individualization of immigration decisions. This is exemplified in UKIP's policy of basing the United Kingdom's approach to immigration on an "Australian-style points-based system." This was invoked by UKIP representatives in the debates as a straightforward "off-the-shelf" system that would enable the U.K. to "take back control" of immigration, while ensuring that immigration decisions were based on individual merit rather than on group membership. As such, the points system could also be invoked specifically to anticipate and counter accusations of racism and/or xenophobia. The findings are discussed in relation to the tacit ideological assumptions underpinning UKIP's policy, specifically around psychologization, the reliance on an acultural version of Australia, and the tacit use of categorical accounting. Public Significance StatementThe article reports on a novel rhetorical strategy found in the discourse of radical right politicians in the United Kingdom. This strategy presents immigration decisions as being taken purely on the basis of individual merit, and thus avoids the implication that speakers are prejudiced against any particular group. This contrasts with previous research which has drawn attention to the ways in which speakers advocating limits on immigration construct negative images of outgroups. The analysis traces some tacit ideological assumptions of this way of framing immigration decisions.

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“…He used a number of rhetorical techniques to deflect the reputational risk of appearing prejudiced (Augoustinos & Every, 2007;Billig, 1988;Speer & Potter, 2000): note his use of a quasi-experimental comparison ('I find it awkward if I'm sitting across from a heterosexual couple') to claim that it was the behaviour (not the sexuality of the actors) that was the problem (see a similar example in Andreouli, Greenland, & Howarth, 2015). Note also his reference to intentionality ('I might inadvertently … like roll my eyes or something') (Swim, Scott, Sechrist, Campbell, & Stangor, 2003).…”

Section: Author: Okmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gay men’s identity work and the social construction of discrimination

Greenland

Taulke‐Johnson

2017

Psychology & Sexuality

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Although the lives of gay men in the post-closet generation are easier in many ways, everyday discrimination still exists in the forms of heterosexism and microaggressions. These forms of discrimination are difficult and risky to talk about, partly because they are often ambiguous, but also because these conversations can disrupt the status quo. In this paper, we explore how the idea of 'discrimination' is more complex than it might first appear, and how the boundaries between 'discrimination' and 'not discrimination' are socially constructed. We conducted qualitative interviews with fifteen undergraduate students who self-identified as gay men, and used dialogical analysis to explore their identity work. Participants constructed discrimination/ not discrimination in different ways as they shifted between different I-positions: I-as authentic individual, I-as what I am not (not camp, and not a victim), and I-as powerful. Our analysis indicates the extent to which 'discrimination' is socially constructed (rather than an objective reality), and suggests means by which practitioners and advocates can support clients in talking about discrimination.

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The Language of “Race” and Prejudice

Cited by 306 publications

References 31 publications

A Theory of Relational Ageism: A Discourse Analysis of the 2015 White House Conference on Aging

A Theory of Relational Ageism: A Discourse Analysis of the 2015 White House Conference on Aging

“An Australian-style points system”: Individualizing immigration in radical right discourse in the 2015 U.K. General election campaign.

Gay men’s identity work and the social construction of discrimination

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