The kinesthetic spatial aftereffect as a function of the angular displacement of the joints of the arm

Comparison of normalization theory and neural enhancement explanation of negative aftereffects.

“…This negative aftereffect was first reported by Gibson (1937b), who proposed that similar normalization processes underlie visual and kinesthetic aftereffects. The angular function of kinesthetic tilt aftereffect (Over, 1967a;Singer, Flanagan, & Collins, 1968) is different, however, from that found with visual aftereffect (Gibson & Radner, 1937;Morant & Harris, 1965). Both direct and indirect effects are found when kinesthetic test judgments are made to the vertical, but direct effects alone are obtained with judgment of the horizontal.…”

“…A horizontal rod feels slightly tilted following kinesthetic inspection of a tilted rod (Gibson, 1937b). The magnitude of the kinesthetic tilt aftereffect is dependent on the angle at which the rod was tilted during inspection (Over, 1967a;Singer et al, 1968). It was shown earlier that normalization theory does not explain why the angular function for kinesthetic tilt aftereffect takes the form it does.…”