The Kinematic Relationships of the Upper Cervical Spine

Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain stem and cervical cord by dynamic neck motion

“…This was also confirmed by the findings of certain authors [27]. In other words, the movements were much more expressed in the region of the cervical cord than between it and the brain stem.…”

“…The medulla just below the level of the foramen magnum is slightly closer to the odontoid process after flexion in our volunteers. It is most likely due to an increase of the atlas-dens interval during flexion [27]. This interval is much longer following a transverse ligament rupture [25].…”

“…The brain stem movements were partially investigated only in a few articles [5,7,16,27]. In addition, some authors examined the position of the lower border of the adjacent cerebellar tonsils and the 4 th ventricle in the cervical spine flexion and extension [7,8].…”

Kinetic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cervical Spine: A Review of the Literature

“…The authors concluded that only the kinematics of atlantoaxial movement were restricted in patients with less SAC. 12…”

Morphometric multislice computed tomography examination of the craniovertebral junction in neck flexion and extension

“…Flexion and extension of the cervical spine, including the CVJ, were examined in the experimental animals [9], in the post mortem human samples [2], in certain digital models [31,37], and in healthy volunteers using the radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and the kinematic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method, but not the multislice CT (MSCT) [8,12,19,20,22,24,31,34]. The flexion and extension were also examined in the patients with certain degenerative diseases, tumours, or traumatic injuries of the cervical spine [6,11,17,21].…”