The Janus Head of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Diseases and During Physical Exercise

Abstract

Purpose of ReviewOxidative stress describes an imbalance between production and degradation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage macromolecules. However, ROS may also serve as signaling molecules activating cellular pathways involved in cell proliferation and adaptation. This review describes alterations in metabolic diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, and/or diabetes mellitus as well as responses to acute and chronic physical exercise.Recent FindingsChronic upregulation of oxidative stress associates with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). While single bouts of exercise can transiently induce oxidative stress, chronic exercise promotes favorable oxidative adaptations with improvements in muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose uptake.SummaryAlthough impaired antioxidant defense fails to scavenge ROS in metabolic diseases, chronic exercising can restore this abnormality. The different metabolic effects are likely due to variability of reactive species and discrepancies in temporal (acute vs. chronic) and local (subcellular distribution) patterns of production.

Effects of Weight Loss on Glutathione Peroxidase 3 Serum Concentrations and Adipose Tissue Expression in Human Obesity

“…Resulting systemic oxidative stress may link impaired AT function to metabolic abnormalities and cardiometabolic diseases [25]. At the tissue and systemic level, there are defense mechanisms against increased ROS production which include antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and GPX [2, 4]. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that conditions promoting oxidative stress (e.g.…”

“…Increased oxidative stress, a state of temporarily or chronically elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, belongs to the main manifestations of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) [1, 2]. Elevated ROS production may impair cellular metabolism and damage cellular components [3].…”

“…Elevated ROS production may impair cellular metabolism and damage cellular components [3]. Therefore, in healthy cells, there are antioxidant defense mechanisms to detoxify these highly reactive molecules and to maintain low degrees of oxidative stress [2, 4]. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as endogenous metabolites are responsible for scavenging and breaking down ROS to less or nonreactive products [2, 4].…”

“…Therefore, in healthy cells, there are antioxidant defense mechanisms to detoxify these highly reactive molecules and to maintain low degrees of oxidative stress [2, 4]. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as endogenous metabolites are responsible for scavenging and breaking down ROS to less or nonreactive products [2, 4]. At least seven isoforms of GPx proteins have been identified of which glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) accounts for the major anti-oxidative activity in the circulation [5, 6].…”

Dynamics of indicators of oxidative stress and bone metabolism during treatment with thiotriazolin in patients with combined type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis course who reside in anthropogenic pressure conditions

“…Нітротирозин вказує на патологічну активність пероксинітриту та є маркером окисного ушкодження білків [9]. 8 гідроксигуанін є продуктом неферментативного окислення гідроксиксил-радикалом дезоксигуанозину, одного з чотирьох нуклеотидів ДНК та являється найбільш чутливим маркером ушкодження нуклеїнових кислот [10].…”