The isolation and identification of Candida glabrata from avian species and a study of the antibacterial activities of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro

Abstract

Previously, a fungus was isolated from a diseased pigeon group clinically suspected of being infected with Candida . The fungus was subsequently identified as Candida glabrata using morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology testing methods. In the present study, to determine the controlling effects of Chinese herbal medicine for C. glabrata , the bacteriostatic effects of the ethanol extracts Acorus gramineus , Sophora flavescens , Polygonum hydropiper, Cassia obtusifolia, Pulsatilla chinensis , Dandelion, and Cortex phellodendri on C. glabrata in vitro were analyzed. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC 80 ) of Cortex phellodendri was 0.25 μg/μL. Meanwhile, that of S. flavescens was 32 μg/μL; C. obtusifolia was 56 μg/μL; A. gramineus and Polygonum hydropiper was 64 μg/μL; and P. chinensis was 112 μg/μL. However, MIC 80 for Dandelion was undetectable. In addition, improved drug sensitivity tests revealed that colonies had grown after 24 h in the blank group, as well as the Polygonum hydropiper, P. chinensis , Dandelion, and ethanol groups. The colonies first appeared at the 48-hour point in the other drug-sensitive medium of Chinese herbal medicine. However, no colony growth was found in Cortex phellodendri medium, and the formation of the maximum colony diameter in that group was later than the blank group (e.g., 96 h in the blank group and 120 h in the Chinese herbal medicine group). It was observed that only 17 colony-forming units had grown in 125 μg/μL of the S. flavescens medium, which was significantly different from other groups. Also, the final colony diameter was significantly smaller than that of the other experimental groups. Therefore, it was determined that the A. gramineus , S. flavescens , Polygonum hydropiper, Cassia obtusifolia, P. chinensis , and Cortex phellodendri had certain inhibitory effects on the growth of the C. glabrata . Among those, it was observed that the Cortex phellodendri had the strongest inhibitory effects, followed by the S. flavescens . In the future, these Chinese herbal medicines are expected to be used to treat the fungal infections related to C. glabrata in poultry to improve production performance.

Preventive effect of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. extract on mice infected with Salmonella Typhimurium

“…g ., improving animal growth performance, immunity, and regulating gut microbiota ( Abarike et al., 2019 ; Wang et al., 2020 ; Gao et al., 2022 ). Recent studies indicate that these inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella cholerae suis , Escherichia coli , Streptococcus agalactiae ( Zou et al., 2022a ), Trichosporon ( Zhang et al., 2020 ), Candida glabrata ( Zhang et al., 2021 ), Aspergillus flavus , and Aspergillus fumigatus ( Xue et al., 2022 ). Meanwhile, they play a vital role in livestock and poultry farming by enhancing humoral and cellular immune responses ( Ma et al., 2013 ), nutrient digestion and absorption ( Kong et al., 2009 ), and modulating the gut microbiota composition ( Waititu et al., 2017 ).…”

Is There a Relationship Between Mating and Pathogenesis in Two Human Fungal Pathogens, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata?

“…The virulence factors required for human disease, including mating type, could therefore also be required for environmental survival. We need to understand the reproduction and growth of human pathogenic fungi not only in the human host (one specific environment) but also in different environmental niches, for example the isolation of C. glabrata from avian samples [ 66 ]. Given the diversity of fungal taxa, we should not underestimate the potential of continued evolution and the emergence of new fungal pathogens.…”

The functions of Patchouli and Elsholtzia in the repair of hen follicular granular cells after heat stress

“…The extractions were pumped and filtered, respectively, using filter bottles and concentrated to 1 mg/mL using a rotary evaporator at 80℃. The samples were then stored for later use at 4℃ ( Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”