The Involvement of CXC Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10) and Its Related Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease and in the COVID-19 Vaccination: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) constitute two of the leading causes of death in Europe, USA and the rest of the world. According to the latest reports of the Iranian National Health Ministry, CAD is the main cause of death in Iranian patients with an age over 35 years despite a significant reduction in mortality due to early interventional treatments in the context of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Inflammation plays a fundamental role in coronary atherogenesis, atherosclerotic plaque formation, acute coronary thrombosis and CAD establishment. Chemokines are well-recognized mediators of inflammation involved in several bio-functions such as leucocyte migration in response to inflammatory signals and oxidative vascular injury. Different chemokines serve as chemo-attractants for a wide variety of cell types including immune cells. CXC motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), also known as interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXLC10), is a chemokine with inflammatory features whereas CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) serves as a shared receptor for CXCL9, 10 and 11. These chemokines mediate immune responses through the activation and recruitment of leukocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. CXCL10, interleukin (IL-15) and interferon (IFN-g) are increased after a COVID-19 vaccination with a BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine and are enriched by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 after the second vaccination. The aim of the present study is the presentation of the elucidation of the crucial role of CXCL10 in the patho-physiology and pathogenesis of CAD and in identifying markers associated with the vaccination resulting in antibody development.

Comparative study of IL- 2, IL- 6 levels for recovered COVID-19 patients and vaccinated participants

“…A study presented by (Karimabad et al, 2021) for the coronary artery disease patients were found increase in the levels of IL-6 after second vaccination with a BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine at day 2, and this study consistence with our finding of increased levels of IL-6 after 2 nd dose of Pfizer vaccine but at (20-30) days, and this confirm the association of IL-6 with the vaccination and will be resulting in antibody development.…”

Methylome and Transcriptome-Based Integration Analysis Identified Molecular Signatures Associated With Meningitis Induced by Glaesserella parasuis

“…We also constructed a protein-protein interaction network among differentially methylated and expressed genes (|log 2 FC| > 0.5, |diffMethy| > 0.1, and P < 0.05), in which CCL5 and CXCL10 were identified as the core genes of the network. CCL5 (chemokine ligand 5) and CXCL10 (CXC motif chemokine ligand 10) are chemokines responsible for facilitating inflammatory responses, including the adhesion and migration of different T cell subsets in immune responses, and are involved in various pathological processes including inflammation, chronic diseases, and cancers as well as the infection of COVID-19 (41,42). Interestingly, as key genes in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway, CCL5 and CXCL10 were also identified as core genes in our previous study in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells infected with G. parasuis (19), and this prompted us to infer that these two chemokines may play a very important role in the immune response during G. parasuis infection and further study is necessary to confirm this.…”

Identification of immunological bioprocesses involved in peri‐implantitis using weighted gene co‐expression network analysis

“…The antimicrobial gene CXCL10 encodes ligand that binds to CXCR3, resulting in monocyte stimulation, natural killer cells and T cells migration, and adhesion molecules expression. 33 In chronic periodontal disease, IL10 and IL6 contribute to the regulation of inflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages in respond to bacterial stimulation. 34 When periodontal ligament fibroblasts were stimulated by bacteria, Tzach-Nahman et al 35 found increased IL6 production.…”