The Internet of Intermittent Things, a Land of Low-Hanging Fruits

Renner, Christian; Ceriotti, Matteo

doi:10.1145/3362053.3363493

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The rise in interest in Internet of Things (IoT) devices and pervasive sensing requires solutions that are low maintenance and that operate for a long time [20]. This motivates research to improve the energy supply with energy harvesting (EH), maximize computation with more efficient microprocessors and also novel operation in response to varying EH, which causes intermittency [17]. Irrespective of application, the devices must wirelessly exchange measurements, local information, sensing demands and operational information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multihop Networking for Intermittent Devices

Longman

El‐Hajjar

Merrett

2022

Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

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Energy harvesting (EH) devices without batteries can enable the Internet of Things (IoT) to reach new and challenging scenarios. Multihop routing is needed to extend the range but, when low EH causes intermittency, it has been overlooked and is not possible with existing protocols. Also, whilst wake-up receivers (WuRxs) have been used to enable star networks, the cost of another EH node sending wake-ups, required for multihop communication, has not been considered. This paper adapts the opportunistic RPL (ORPL) protocol to make possible multihop routing between intermittentlypowered devices. Furthermore, the benefit of using WuRx to enable networks is measured, considering different sensitivity devices and associated range. Comparing ORPL to RPL, we show that opportunistic routing enables multihop communication where RPL cannot. If WuRx are used for routing towards a central hub, the more sensitive WuRx perform better, but routing cross-network benefits from lower sensitivity, lower power WuRx. CCS CONCEPTS• Networks → Cross-layer protocols; Network simulations; • Computer systems organization → Sensor networks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To operate intermittently, recent work using EH has used intermittent computing (IC) to perform computation across power cycles, but these devices often operate alone [17]. This is because of the relatively large power consumption required for communication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multihop Networking for Intermittent Devices

Longman

El‐Hajjar

Merrett

2022

Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

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“…In future Internet of Things (IoT) network solutions that do not require batteries but still with long lifetimes are required. In intermittently-powered networks, nodes use energy harvesting and a small energy store [1], but to reduce footprint and cost, the device is powered sporadically, as shown in Figure 1. However, current communications techniques for such devices rely on high capability forwarding nodes being within range, or being visited by mobile nodes [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In intermittently-powered networks, nodes use energy harvesting and a small energy store [1], but to reduce footprint and cost, the device is powered sporadically, as shown in Figure 1. However, current communications techniques for such devices rely on high capability forwarding nodes being within range, or being visited by mobile nodes [1,2]. Instead, we focus on multi-hop communication between intermittently-powered devices [3,4], where communication events are limited by the energy storage and nodes are inherently only intermittently-connected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Opportunistic routing (OR) is a viable networking paradigm for intermittently-powered networks [1], as in Figure 1, that uses flexible forwarding to reach a specified network destination. Flexible forwarding is extremely important in intermittently-connected networks, where a complete route, from the source to the destination, cannot be established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intermittent Opportunistic Routing Components for the INET Framework

Longman,

El-Hajjar,

Merrett

2021

Preprint

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Intermittently-powered wireless sensor networks (WSNs) use energy harvesting and small energy storage to remove the need for battery replacement and to extend the operational lifetime. However, an intermittently-powered forwarder regularly turns on or off, which requires alternative networking solutions. Opportunistic routing (OR) is a potential cross-layer solution for this novel application, but due to the interaction with the energy storage, the operation of these protocols is highly dynamic. To compare protocols and components in like-for-like scenarios we propose module interfaces for MAC, routing and discovery protocols, that enable clear separation of concerns and good interchangeability. We also suggest some candidates for each of the protocols based on our own implementation and research.

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