The international role of English: The state of the discussion

English Spread as 'Structural Violence'

“…The publicly announced reason was to enhance "national solidarity" (Annual Report of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands, 1926, p. 5). Conrad (1996) cites Gates (1992), who criticizes use of the term "cultural imperialism," "an animal from which linguistic imperialism is perhaps derived" (Conrad,p. 27).…”

“…(p. 75). Conrad (1996) believes the forces behind language spread need to be analyzed empirically. Rannut (1999) has called for a new paradigm, which includes language "penetrating all domains of society" (p. 100).…”

“…It has attracted proponents (e.g., Pennycook [1994], Skutnabb-Kangas [1998], and Rannut [1999]) and opponents (e.g., Gates [1992], Conrad [1996], and Brutt-Griffler [2002]). Brutt-Griffler's attack (1998) of Phillipson's analysis (1992) in her unpublished doctoral dissertation is especially scathing. "…”

Pluricentric Views towards English and Implications for ELT in China

“…One of the early attempts to account for systematic variation in the way English is used by speakers in different parts of the world is a tripartite distinction between English as a Native Language (ENL), English as a Second Language (ESL), and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartvik, 1985;Conrad, 1996). Based on this classification, Stern (1983), Widdowson (1997Widdowson ( , 2003, McArthur (1998), Nunan and Carter (2001), among many other scholars, have proposed definitions and discussed the importance of these distinctions.…”

Language Planning and the British Empire: Comparing Pakistan, Malaysia and Kenya

“…It is not so easy, however, to argue for a linguicist conspiracy in which private and state agents of ELT conspire to restrict English -although the signal failure of English programmes in much of the world (Hall, 2000) makes it tempting to do so. Although Conrad (1996) notes how English is still spoken by less than 4% in India, if anything it seems that the forces of neocolonialism try to spread English (Phillipson, 2000), even if they are misguided or relatively unsuccessful in doing so.…”