The international at-sea intercomparison of fCO2 systems during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean

Körtzinger, Arne; Mintrop, L.; Wallace, Douglas W.R.; Johnson, Kenneth M.; Neill, Craig; Tilbrook, Bronte; Towler, Philip H.; Inoue, Hisayuki; Ishii, Masayoshi; Shaffer, Gary; Saavedra, Rodrigo Fernando Torres; Ohtaki, Eiji; Yamashita, Eiji; Poisson, Alain; Brunet, Christian; Schauer, Bernard; Goyet, Catherine; Eischeid, Greg

doi:10.1016/s0304-4203(00)00080-3

Cited by 74 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…[5] pCO 2 sea and pCO 2 air were quasi-continuously measured, by using a system which is similar to that described by Körtzinger et al [2000]. Uncontaminated seawater was taken from a sea-chest of the vessel and introduced into an equilibrator at approximately 10 L min À1 and aliquot of sample air equilibrated with seawater was introduced into a non-dispersive infra-red gas analyzer after removing water vapor.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations of oceanic pCO₂ and air‐sea CO₂ flux in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean for the austral summer of 2001–2002

Nakaoka¹,

Nakazawa²,

Yoshikawa-Inoue³

et al. 2009

Geophysical Research Letters

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We examined pCO2air and pCO2sea observed in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (south of 50°S, 140°–150°E) during austral spring‐summer from November 2001 to March 2002 using 4 research vessels. pCO2sea changed by as much as 200 μatm over the 5‐month period in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone (SSIZ), due mostly to very low values in January caused by stratification of water column and strong biological activity. In the SSIZ, the air‐sea CO2 flux showed large temporal variations, from −2.9 g m−2 month−1 in January 2002 to −0.65 g m−2 month−1 in February 2002. The monthly oceanic CO2 uptake in the area covered by this study (1.5 × 1012 km2) was estimated to be in a range of 1.0 × 10−3 to 1.7 × 10−3 PgC month−1, with a mean value of 1.3 × 10−3 PgC month−1.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations of oceanic pCO₂ and air‐sea CO₂ flux in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean for the austral summer of 2001–2002

Nakaoka¹,

Nakazawa²,

Yoshikawa-Inoue³

et al. 2009

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Flow-through systems are routinely deployed on commercial vessels (e.g., Cooper et al, 1998;Olsen et al, 2008;Watson et al, 2009), research vessels (e.g., Lefèvre et al, 1994;Skjelvan et al, 1999;Bakker et al, 2008), and on moored platforms (e.g., Friederich et al, 2008;Wada et al, 2011). Intercomparison experiments have taken place on a number of occasions (e.g., Körtzinger et al, 1996Körtzinger et al, , 2000.…”

Section: Data Sources and Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT)

Pfeil

Olsen

Bakker

et al. 2013

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

197

186

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Abstract.A well-documented, publicly available, global data set of surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) parameters has been called for by international groups for nearly two decades. The Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT) project was initiated by the international marine carbon science community in 2007 with the aim of providing a comprehensive, publicly available, regularly updated, global data set of marine surface CO 2 , which had been subject to quality control (QC). Many additional CO 2 data, not yet made public via the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), were retrieved from data originators, public websites and other data centres. All data were put in a uniform format following a strict protocol. Quality control was carried out according to clearly defined criteria. Regional specialists performed the quality control, using state-of-the-art web-based tools, specially developed for accomplishing this global team effort. SOCAT version 1.5 was made public in September 2011 and holds 6.3 million quality controlled surface CO 2 data points from the global oceans and coastal seas, spanning four decades . Three types of data products are available: individual cruise files, a merged complete data set and gridded products. With the rapid expansion of marine CO 2 data collection and the importance of quantifying net global oceanic CO 2 uptake and its changes, sustained data synthesis and data access are priorities. Data coverage MotivationThe net absorption of CO 2 by the oceans, caused by rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations since the industrial revolution, has been responsible for removing CO 2 equivalent to approximately 50 % of the fossil fuel and cement manufacturing emissions or about 30 % of the total anthropogenic emissions, including land use change (Sabine et al., 2004). Because of the availability of the carbonate ion, an important species of the dissolved inorganic carbon pool, and carbonate sediments, the oceans have a tremendous CO 2 uptake capacity and will, on timescales of ten to hundred thousand years, absorb all but a small fraction of the fossil CO 2 that has been and will be emitted (Archer et al., 1997). Meanwhile the changes in ocean CO 2 uptake, relying on factors such as ocean circulation and biology, will be among the decisive factors for the evolution of future atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and climate development (e.g., Friedlingstein et al., 2006;Riebesell et al., 2009). Presently there are two types of globally coordinated efforts that seek to resolve the dynamics of ocean CO 2 uptake through observations: repeat hydrography and surface ocean CO 2 observations (Gruber et al., 2010;Sabine et al., 2010). While repeat hydrography aims to assess variations in the ocean inventory of CO 2 on decadal timescales, surface ocean observations may resolve variations on seasonal to interannual timescales due to the higher sampling frequency. This high sampling frequency has been made possible by the advent of autonomous instruments and sensors for the nearcontinuous determination o...

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“…Standards or CRMs [24,25] can be used for pH, DIC, or AT, but there is no practical in situ standardization method for fCO2 sensors. Even infraredbased in situ sensors (e.g., [7]) calibrate only the infrared analyzer and not the equilibration process that, by itself, can contribute significantly to analytical errors [26]. For facile use of CRMs in situ, there is a vital need to extend Andrew Dickson's CRM program whereby CRMs are distributed in durable, gasimpermeable bags suitable for deployment in situ.…”

Section: Sensor Calibration and Enhancement Of Measurement Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensors and Systems for In Situ Observations of Marine Carbon Dioxide System Variables

Byrne¹,

DeGrandpre²,

Short³

et al. 2010

Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society

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Autonomous chemical sensors are required to document the marine carbon dioxide system's evolving response to anthropogenic CO2 inputs, as well as impacts on short-and long-term carbon cycling. Observations will be required over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, and measurements will likely need to be maintained for decades. Measurable CO2 system variables currently include total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (AT), CO2 fugacity (fCO2), and pH, with comprehensive characterization requiring measurement of at least two variables. These four parameters are amenable to in situ analysis, but sustained deployment remains a challenge. Available methods encompass a broad range of analytical techniques, including potentiometry, spectrophotometry, conductimetry, and mass spectrometry. Instrument capabilities (precision, accuracy, endurance, reliability, etc.) are diverse and will evolve substantially over the time that the marine CO2 system undergoes dramatic changes. Different suites of measurements/parameters will be appropriate for different sampling platforms and measurement objectives.

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The international at-sea intercomparison of fCO2 systems during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean

Cited by 74 publications

References 24 publications

Variations of oceanic pCO₂ and air‐sea CO₂ flux in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean for the austral summer of 2001–2002

Variations of oceanic pCO₂ and air‐sea CO₂ flux in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean for the austral summer of 2001–2002

A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT)

Sensors and Systems for In Situ Observations of Marine Carbon Dioxide System Variables

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The international at-sea intercomparison of fCO2 systems during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean

Cited by 74 publications

References 24 publications

Variations of oceanic pCO2 and air‐sea CO2 flux in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean for the austral summer of 2001–2002

Variations of oceanic pCO2 and air‐sea CO2 flux in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean for the austral summer of 2001–2002

A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Atlas (SOCAT)

Sensors and Systems for In Situ Observations of Marine Carbon Dioxide System Variables

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Variations of oceanic pCO₂ and air‐sea CO₂ flux in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean for the austral summer of 2001–2002

Variations of oceanic pCO₂ and air‐sea CO₂ flux in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean for the austral summer of 2001–2002

A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT)