The Internalising and Externalising Dimensions of Affective Symptoms in Depressed (Unipolar) and Bipolar Patients

Bech, Per; Hansen, Henrik Lyngbeck; Kessing, Lars Vedel

doi:10.1159/000095442

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…One could argue that a majority of our patients was suffering from depression rather than PTED. Negative life events can also be associated with depression, be it primary or secondary [30,31,32], and there is also some literature on anger, irritability, aggressiveness and hostility in the context of depression [33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. In contrast to depression, affect modulation is unimpaired in PTED patients, who can display a normal and positive affect when distracted or engaged in revenge fantasies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder in Comparison to Other Mental Disorders

Lindén

Baumann

Rotter

et al. 2007

Psychother Psychosom

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Background: The term ‘posttraumatic embitterment disorder’ (PTED) was recently introduced to describe a subtype of adjustment disorders, characterized by prolonged embitterment, severe additional psychopathological symptoms and great impairment in most areas of life in reaction to a severe negative but not life threatening life event. The aim of this study is an empirical description and validation of the clinical concept of PTED, by comparing clinically defined PTED patients with patients suffering from other mental disorders on measures of posttraumatic stress and psychopathological distress. Methods: Fifty inpatients, suffering from PTED according to previously defined clinical diagnostic criteria, were compared with another 50 patients, matched by age and gender, who did not meet clinical criteria for PTED but for other mental disorders. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Self-report measures included the Bern Embitterment Scale, the Impact of Event Scale, the PTED Self-Rating Scale and the SCL-90. Results: According to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview both groups fulfilled the criteria for many disorders with a significantly higher occurrence of major depression and chronic adjustment disorder but less generalized anxiety disorder lifetime in PTED patients. Patients with PTED scored significantly higher on the global scores and on most subdimensions of the SCL-90, the Impact of Event Scale, the Bern Embitterment Scale and the PTED Self-Rating Scale. Conclusions: Clear differences were found between PTED patients and patients with other mental disorders in regard to the quality and intensity of psychopathological as well as posttraumatic stress symptoms. PTED can help further subclassify and specify adjustment and reactive disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder in Comparison to Other Mental Disorders

Lindén

Baumann

Rotter

et al. 2007

Psychother Psychosom

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“…The next step for research could be to include a specific treatment module for patients with comorbid depression and anxiety disorder [39,40,41,42]. Future studies should also attempt to prove the effectiveness of short-term psychoeducational interventions for somatizing inpatients to increase the treatment acceptance and the motivation for psychotherapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Somatizing Patients in the General Hospital: A Randomized Controlled Study

Schweickhardt¹,

Larisch²,

Wirsching³

et al. 2007

Psychother Psychosom

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Background: Treatment acceptance and motivation for psychotherapy of somatizing patients in the general hospital is low. Methods: Patients (n = 91) fulfilling the criteria for somatization were randomized into an intervention group (n = 49) and a control group (n = 42). The patients in the intervention group attended 5 psychotherapeutic sessions based on the modified reattribution model. The patients in the control group received psychoeducational reading material. The primary outcomes were motivation for psychotherapy and contacting a psychotherapist after discharge. The secondary outcomes consisted of changes regarding somatoform symptoms, emotional distress and quality of life. Results: Patients from the intervention group were significantly more motivated for psychotherapy (p = 0.001) than patients from the control group. At the 3-month follow-up, 42% of the patients from the intervention group had contacted a psychotherapist, compared to 20% of the patients from the control group (p = 0.045). At the 6-month follow-up, however, the ratio of patients having contacted a psychotherapist had changed to 44 and 29%, respectively, and was no longer significant. The intensity of somatoform symptoms and the anxiety symptoms decreased and mental functioning improved significantly over time for patients from both groups. Conclusions: Short-term psychotherapeutic interventions for somatizing patients in general hospitals have a moderately better effect on motivation for psychotherapy and contacting a psychotherapist than psychoeducational reading material alone. Future studies should attempt to prove the effectiveness of short-term psychoeducational interventions for somatizing patients in the general hospital.

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