The interdependence of the reactive species of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

Abstract

This mini-review tries to summarize the main interdependences between the free radicals of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. Also, the main metabolic pathways for these radical species are described, as well as how these affect their interaction and functional implications. Emphasis is made on the metabolic disturbances induced by stressing aggressions that produce radical species. In this way, cellular oxidative imbalances created by the superiority of reactive oxygen species over the antioxidant systems produce both activation of nitroxide synthases and the oxidation of terminal nitrogen from L-arginine, as well as the metabolization of heme until carbon monoxide by nitric oxide-activated hemoxygenase. Also, multiple cellular protein and nucleoprotein alterations determined by these three kinds of radical species are completed by the involvement of hydrogen sulfide, which results from the degradation of L-cysteine by cistationine-γ-lyase. In this way, sufficient experimental data tend to demonstrate the involvement of hydrogen sulfide and other thiol derivatives in the interrelations between oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, which results in a true radical cascade. Thus, oxidative stress, together with nitrosative and carbonilic stress, may constitute a central point where other factors of vulnerability meet, and their interactions could have an important impact in many modern diseases. Considering that the actions of reactive species can be most of the time corrected, future studies need to establish the therapeutical importance of various agents which modulate oxidative, nitrosative, or carbonilic stress.

The Relevance of Oxidative Stress Status in One Week and One Month Alcohol Abstinent Patients

“…This could be very important, considering that lately there is an increased awareness regarding the interactions that might exist between the oxidative and nitrosative stress status in various cellular insults (33). Moreover, as it was demonstrated in some animal studies, NOS inhibition resulted in an attenuation of alcohol withdrawal symptoms (19,34).…”

The Effects of Central Angiotensin II and Its Specific Blockers on Nociception. Possible Interactions with Oxidative Stress Status / Efekti Centralnog Angiotenzina II I Njegovih Specifičnih Blokatora Na Nocicepciju. Moguće Interakcije Sa Statusom Oksidativnog Stresa

“…Also, in cre ased levels of extracellular hydrogen peroxide were observed in the spinal trigeminal nucleus after formalin injection into the lip of the rat, and this increase coincided with pain behaviors (36).…”

An Original Theory Regarding the Correlations between the Extremely High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves of Athermic Intensities and their Cellular Effects

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