The Interaction of Wool with Cold Urea Solutions

Abstract

410 results provide a general confirmation of the conclusions reached in the preceding papers of this series . Acknowledgment. The authors acknowledge the assistance of John S. Mason in the determination of sol fraction, gel fraction, and distention index; Ines V. I deGruy in the electron micrographic analyses; and George I. Pittman in the preparation of the line drawings. _ . of Reagent Residues in Cotton Cellulose Modified with tris(1-Aziridinyl)phosphine Oxide, Textile Res. J . 40, 395-400 (1970).ABSTRACT A more reproducible method for determining the swelling of wool fibers is suggested. It has been shown that high concentrations of urea do not increase the swelling of wool in cold aqueous solution. The influence of the addition of small amounts of sodium metabisulfite and wetting agents on the swelling of wool in urea solutions is discussed. It has been shown that small amounts of surface protein material are removed from the wool by concentrated urea solutions. The reported presence of a amino adipic acid in the surface material has been confirmed and over-all analysis of the ureasoluble material indicates its similarity with a previously isolated cuticular sheath fraction. The implications of these findings in relation to wool processing are discussed.

Investigation into the flame retardant properties of soybean fabric treated with sulphamic acid

“…Urea has been reported to denature proteins and increase the accessibility of the side chains to chemicals reactions 10. Cameron9 has similarly referred to the swelling role of urea and its importance in the reaction of wool with sulfamic acid.…”

Reactive Dyes—physicochemical Aspects of Dye Fixation and Dye-Fiber Bond Hydrolysis

“…[54][55][56] The complexities of the IWS pad-batch process dye liquor have been shown to be due to an attempt to achieve a balance of properties with readily available agents. In these, the IWS pad-batch process 52 has had the most impact, offering the wool piece dyer the special advantages of cold semicontinuous processing as well as a good standard of fastness.…”

Diffusion behavior of poly(ethylene imine) into keratin fibers using microspectrophotometry

“…[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The function of urea in low temperature dyeing is considered to be disaggregation of anionic dyes, 2 swelling of wool, 3,4 and removal of a part of the hydrophobic material from the surface of the cuticle layer. 5,6 However, the actual function of urea cannot be clarified because of the complexity of its mechanisms. In particular, measuring the swelling of wool in aqueous urea solutions has given variable results because of differences between the methods of measurement and the history of the wool prior to the swelling experiments.…”