The interaction of sodium chlorite with phospholipids and glutathione: a comparison of effects in vitro, in mammalian and in microbial cells

Ingram, Paul R.; Homer, Natalie; Smith, Rachel A. S.; Pitt, Andrew R.; Wilson, Clive G.; Olejník, O; Spickett, Corinne M.

doi:10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00659-8

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Quinolones contribute to ROS formation by a CYP450‐dependent reaction [35], and TCCA itself, as a strong oxidative agent, can lead to the formation of ROS. Sodium chlorite derived from TCCA results in a substantial depletion of intracellular glutathione and can cause oxidative stress in cells at high concentration [36]. Consequently, the exposure of algal cells to these pharmaceuticals is expected to activate the antioxidant enzymes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris to trichloroisocyanuric acid and ciprofloxacin

Nie

Xiang

Chen

et al. 2008

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The effects of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) and ciprofloxacin (CPFX) on the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris were assessed by toxicity bioassays and by the values of biomarkers in phase I and phase II. The biomarkers included growth rate, concentration of chlorophyll a, activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylases (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and total glutathione (GSH). Ciprofloxacin was a weaker growth inhibitor than TCCA but, at a concentration of greater than 12.5 mg/L, decreased the growth of C. vulgaris. Concentration of chlorophyll a showed a similar trend. The 96-h median effective concentration (EC50; i.e., 50% reduction in growth relative to the control) of CPFX was 20.6 mg/L. Trichloroisocyanuric acid was a strong growth inhibitor and, at concentrations of greater than 0.80 mg/L, caused 100% inhibition on 24-h exposure. The 96-h EC50 of TCCA was 0.313 mg/L. Ciprofloxacin and TCCA affected the phase I and phase II enzyme activities differently. On exposure to CPFX, both EROD and GSH decreased at low CPFX concentrations (<5.0 mg/L) and increased at high CPFX concentrations (>12.5 mg/L), and CAT and GST exhibited induction at low concentrations and inhibition at high concentrations. In TCCA exposure, GST activity was significantly stimulated, and GSH concentration was increased. Catalase activity increased only at TCCA concentrations of greater than 0.12 mg/L, and no change in EROD activity was observed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris to trichloroisocyanuric acid and ciprofloxacin

Nie

Xiang

Chen

et al. 2008

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Ionized ClO 2 -is not able to penetrate the bacterial cell membrane and therefore it exerts an oxidizing action from outside the cell. In a previous study, it was reported that NaClO 2 could oxidize glutathione preferentially rather than membrane phospholipids, both in vitro and in cells at pH 7.2 to 8.0, where the ratio of ClO 2 -to HClO 2 was extremely high Ingram et al, 2003 . In this previous study, it was also confirmed that the effects of NaClO 2 in vitro were similar to those observed in vivo.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Kinetics of the Inactivation of <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> in Weakly Acidic Sodium Chlorite Solution

2017

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The kinetics of the inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sodium chlorite NaClO 2 solution was studied in the weakly acidic pH range of 4.0 to 6.5 and at various temperatures. The logarithmic reduction of the survival ratio depended on the concentration-time product, and all the inactivation curves showed a linear reduction phase. The first-order inactivation rate constant k increased by approximately twice for every 0.44 unit fall in pH. During the inactivation experiments, no formation of chlorine dioxide occurred. These data indicated that undissociated HClO 2 was the active species governing the inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus. It was also shown that the use of weakly acidic NaClO 2 solutions containing high concentrations of ionized ClO 2 -gave slower kinetics of the inactivation, whereas it could achieve the significant reduction of viable cells of more than 4-log. The k value showed an Arrhenius-type temperature dependence in the temperature range of 5 to 40 . The apparent activation energy for the inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus was estimated to be 43.5 kJ/mol. The k value increased by approximately 1.8 times for every 10 rise in temperature.

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“…The mode of action against lipid membranes was previously reported to be different for NaClO and NaClO 2 in that NaClO rapidly reacted with membrane phospholipids and generated large amounts of chlorohydrins by electrophilic attack, while NaClO 2 did not generate chlorohydrins but instead induced peroxide generation that led to oxidative stress in bacteria mediated by oxygen radicals Ingram et al, 2003. Kumer et al 2007 concluded in their report that this mode of action is attributable to the slow reaction of stabilized NaClO 2 , Germin-8-or ® .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kumar et al 2007 also demonstrated that the glutathione level was decreased by , and that alkaline phosphatase, which contains two disulfide bonds, was more susceptible to chlorite than other proteins that possess a single disulfide bond. Ingram et al 2003 further reported that the microbicidal effect of NaClO 2 against S. aureus was lower than that against E. coli, and they attributed the relative chlorite resistance of S. aureus to the absence of glutathione in this organism. Similarly, WACAW was less effective against S. aureus than E. coli Table 1 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Activity and Stability of Weakly Acidified Chlorous Acid Water

Horiuchi

Kawata²,

Nagao

et al. 2015

Biocontrol Sci.

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The interaction of sodium chlorite with phospholipids and glutathione: a comparison of effects in vitro, in mammalian and in microbial cells

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

Response of the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris to trichloroisocyanuric acid and ciprofloxacin

Response of the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris to trichloroisocyanuric acid and ciprofloxacin

Kinetics of the Inactivation of <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> in Weakly Acidic Sodium Chlorite Solution

Antimicrobial Activity and Stability of Weakly Acidified Chlorous Acid Water

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