The Integration of Human and Veterinary Studies for Better Understanding and Management of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

Abstract

Outbreaks that occur as a result of zoonotic spillover from an animal reservoir continue to highlight the importance of studying the disease interface between species. One Health approaches recognise the interdependence of human and animal health and the environmental interplay. Improving the understanding and prevention of zoonotic diseases may be achieved through greater consideration of these relationships, potentially leading to better health outcomes across species. In this review, special emphasis is given on the emerging and outbreak pathogen Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV) that can cause severe disease in humans. We discuss the efforts undertaken to better understand CCHF and the importance of integrating veterinary and human research for this pathogen. Furthermore, we consider the use of closely related nairoviruses to model human disease caused by CCHFV. We discuss intervention approaches with potential application for managing CCHFV spread, and how this concept may benefit both animal and human health.

The spatial pattern of human exposure to Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus is not consistent with red deer‐based risk predictions

“…Future studies should be undertaken also under a One Health approach, but taking into account the factors that drive virus‐tick‐human interactions. In this sense, some studies advise this fact, both in Crimean–Congo (Gilbride et al., 2021 ; Sorvillo et al., 2020 ) and globally in zoonotic pathogens (Rees et al., 2021 ; Scoones et al., 2017 ).…”

“…That is undoubtedly reflecting that even though the model captures major spatial risk hotspots, the actual risk for the human population relies on a more complex array of events that modulate the exposure of humans to CCHFV infected ticks. Since the emergence of human CCHF almost always needs the interaction of CCHFV infected vectors and humans, a holistic approach is required to estimate real exposure risks (Gilbride et al., 2021 ). Future studies should be undertaken also under a One Health approach, but taking into account the factors that drive virus‐tick‐human interactions.…”

Tek tırnaklı hayvanlarda Kırım Kongo Hemorajik Ateşi Virusu'na spesifik antikorların tespiti

“…These mentioned events are very common in rural areas, which increases the chance of being exposed to vectors like ticks. Thus, it is crucial to study infectious agents that can be detected in or transmitted by these animals, for the benefit of both animal and human health (Alkan et al 2013, Aydin et al 2020, Gilbride et al 2021Timurkan et al 2019). The reason that the seroprevalence of CCHFV infection is so high in this study is due to a number of factors, including hot weather conditions, global warming, the existence of asymptomatic animals, a continuous movement of hosts in and out of these regions, their living conditions, and the fact that horses or donkeys are kept together with other livestock.…”

Development of anti-Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Gc and NP-specific ELISA for detection of antibodies in domestic animal sera

“…Most common human transmission routes involve tick bites (tick to humans), as well as livestock handling (animal to humans, e.g., slaughtering) ( 7 ). Controlling the circulation and transmission of CCHFV within livestock populations using vaccination may be a valuable control measure in addition to human immunization ( 8 ). There are currently no CCHFV vaccines licensed for widespread use in humans and no available vaccines that prevent CCHFV infection in domestic animals.…”