In this study, a 32-month-old Holstein cow that had a calving and common Bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-induced wart on its teats was treated. For this purpose, BPV antigen presence in blood serum sample from the animal was studied by ELISA and was revealed as positive. Magistral drug containing podophyllin active substance was applied topically on teat warts of the animal. Applications were performed for all teat warts once in three days during 27 days. Eight hours after applying the drug, teats were washed with sterile water. Warts on teat were proved to have regressed and dried out on the day 27 th . The same animal was given papilloma autologous vaccine prepared from warts coming off from the teat on the day 28 th . As a result of the vaccination, teats showed full recovery from warts. Finally, it is recommended that using podophyllin formulations topical and autologous vaccine applications together in treating teat warts caused by BPV.
Molecular studies on viral diseases in wildlife are limited in Turkey. Pestiviruses infect domestic animals such as pig, cattle, sheep, goats and many other wild ungulates. Cross-species transmission of pestiviruses between wildlife and domestic livestock is a subject of recent concern where wild ungulates are in close contact with domestic ruminants. The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV) has named the genus Pestivirus , which belongs to the Flaviviridae family, using the format Pestivirus A, Pestivirus B, Pestivirus C, and so on. Pestivirus A-D replaces Bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 (BVDV-2), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Border disease virus (BDV) respectively. During the 2013–2014 hunting season, a total of 40 samples were collected from wild boars ( Sus scrofa ferus ) in the area of Western Mediterranean Turkey. In the samples, nucleic acids were investigated for pestivirus, Aujeszky’s disease virus, Borna disease virus, coronavirus, mastadenovirus and rotavirus. RT-PCR was performed using primary sets to detect specific partial gene region specific to each virus. Sequence analysis was performed on a positive sample. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the positive sample, TR/Burdur/13/Boar3, belonged to BDV genotype 1 ( Pestivirus D). The first molecular findings of BDV in wild boars in Turkey are reported in this study. This study highlights the importance of further research into diseases that might be transmitted from wild boars to ruminants in Turkey.
The canine distemper virus (CDV), which infects dogs and a broad range of animal species, remains a serious concern in Turkey and across the world. The current study shows that CDV can be detected and isolated rapidly and specifically in naturally infected dogs. Whole blood, nasal swab, ocular swab, rectal swab, and urine samples from 50 stray dogs were used in the study (n = 250). The presence of the CDV genome was confirmed in 105 (42%) samples using one-Step real-time RT-PCR. In total, 39 dogs were diagnosed with CDV infection based on the detection of cytopathic effects in MDCK, which was verified by the fluorescent antibody technique. A total of 12 one-Step real-time RT-PCR negative samples, consisting of 4 rectal swabs and 8 2 urine samples, were found to be positive by virus isolation. Blood, nasal swab, ocular swab (P<0.01, r = 1), rectal swab (P<0.01, r = 0.844), and urine samples (P<0.01, r = 0.697) all showed positive correlations in the tests for viral genome detection and virus isolation. CPE levels of high 37 (31.62%), medium 26 (22.23%) and low 54 (46.15%) were detected in a total of 117 (46.8%) samples with viral growth in cell culture. The highest CPE levels detected by FAT were for rectal swab and urine samples. In conclusion, the one-step real-time RT-PCR method on rectal swab samples proved to be a very sensitive method for the rapid and reliable CDV detection. Besides, nonmodified MDCK can be used to isolate CDV from naturally infected dogs.
Bluetongue is a viral disease of ruminants that spreads by mosquitos. It is reported that Bluetongue infection is manifested mostly tropical and subtropical climate zones in the Africa, Middle-East, Australia and Asia. In recent studies, it is reported that Bluetongue infection also manifested in the America and North of Europe with global warming and unsettled climate factors. BTV has a wide host range that includes wild ruminants such as antelope, gazelle, deer and elephant besides cattle, camelids, sheep and goats. According to International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, the genus Orbivirus is a member of the Reoviridae family. Economically, the most important three orbiviruses are BTV, African Horse Sickness (AHS) virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) virus all of which are transmitted by Cluicoides species. Moreover, these three viruses are antigenically closely related. In sheep, BTV disease causes an acute infection with high morbidity and mortality. In general, fever, excessive salivation, swelling of the face and tongue with cyanosed lesions are distinguished in infected animals. In some cases, foot lessions that causes lameness may develop. It is currently in the list of notifiable diseases in the World. Current prevent and control programs need to be further developed to struggle against BTV infection. Öz: Mavidil sokucu sinekler aracılığıyla bulaşan, ruminantların viral bir hastalığıdır. Mavidil virus (BTV) enfeksiyonunun daha çok tropik ve sub-tropik iklim kuşaklarında ortaya çıktığı rapor edilmiştir. Son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalarda, küresel ısınma ve değişen iklim koşullarıyla birlikte Amerika ve Kuzey Avrupa'da da BTV enfeksiyonunun görüldüğü bildirilmiştir. BTV'nin konakçı spektrumunda sığır, deve, koyun ve keçi gibi evcil ruminantların yanı sıra antilop, ceylan, geyik gibi yabani ruminantlar ve fil yer almaktadır. BTV Uluslararası Virus Taksonomi Komitesi (ICTV)'ne göre, Orbivirus genusu Reoviridae ailesinde yer almaktadır. BTV, Afrika at vebası (AHS) virus'u ve Epizootik hemorajik hastalık (EHD) virus'u ekonomik olarak en önemli üç orbivirus üyesi olup Cluicoides türü sokucu sinekler aracılığıyla bulaşmaktadır. Üstelik bu üç virus antijenik yönden yakın ilişkilidir. BTV hastalığı, koyunlarda yüksek morbidite ve mortaliteli akut bir enfeksiyona neden olmaktadır. Genellikle enfekte hayvanlarda ateş, aşırı salivasyon, yüzde ve dilde şişkinlik ve siyanotik dil lezyonları görülmektedir. Bazı durumlarda topallığa neden olan ayak lezyonları gelişmektedir. Bugün de Dünya'da ihbarı mecbur hastalıklar listesinde yer almaktadır. BTV enfeksiyonunun önlenebilmesi için mevcut koruma ve kontrol programların daha da geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir.
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