The Integration of Chemical and Biological Control of Arthropod Pests

Bosch, Robert van den; Stern, Vernon M.

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.07.010162.002055

Cited by 122 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The term was first used as ''integrated control'' by Bartlett (11) and was further elaborated on by Stern et al (12) in reference to the concept of integrating the use of biological and other controls in complementary ways. The term was later broadened to embrace coordinated use of all biological, cultural, and artificial practices (13). Subsequently, under the term ''IPM,'' various authors have advocated the principle of incorporating the full array of pest management practices together with production objectives into a total systems approach.…”

Section: Attempts For Change: No Real Changementioning

confidence: 99%

A total system approach to sustainable pest management

Lewis

Lenteren

Phatak

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

507

274

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A fundamental shift to a total system approach for crop protection is urgently needed to resolve escalating economic and environmental consequences of combating agricultural pests. Pest management strategies have long been dominated by quests for ''silver bullet'' products to control pest outbreaks. However, managing undesired variables in ecosystems is similar to that for other systems, including the human body and social orders. Experience in these fields substantiates the fact that therapeutic interventions into any system are effective only for short term relief because these externalities are soon ''neutralized'' by countermoves within the system. Long term resolutions can be achieved only by restructuring and managing these systems in ways that maximize the array of ''built-in'' preventive strengths, with therapeutic tactics serving strictly as backups to these natural regulators. To date, we have failed to incorporate this basic principle into the mainstream of pest management science and continue to regress into a foot race with nature. In this report, we establish why a total system approach is essential as the guiding premise of pest management and provide arguments as to how earlier attempts for change and current mainstream initiatives generally fail to follow this principle. We then draw on emerging knowledge about multitrophic level interactions and other specific findings about management of ecosystems to propose a pivotal redirection of pest management strategies that would honor this principle and, thus, be sustainable. Finally, we discuss the potential immense benefits of such a central shift in pest management philosophy.

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Section: Attempts For Change: No Real Changementioning

confidence: 99%

A total system approach to sustainable pest management

Lewis

Lenteren

Phatak

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

507

274

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…As discussed by many authors (eg., RIPPER, 1960 ; VAN DEN BOSCH & STERN, 1962 ;CROFT, 1981) selectivity of pesticide use can be conferred in several ways. Environmental selectivity is achieved by exploiting the spatial or temporal asynchrony between a pest and its natural enemy so that the pest is exposed to the toxicant, but the natural enemy is not.…”

Section: Improving Selectivity Of Pyrethroid Insecticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For IPM of cotton apple, both methods of selectivity have been employed with compounds other than SPs (e.g. VAN DEN BOSCH & STERN, 1962 ;CROFT, 1981). It is certain that similar methods for SP use will be achieved on both crops in the near future.…”

Section: Improving Selectivity Of Pyrethroid Insecticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to arthropod natural enemies and pests of agricultural crops

Croft

Whalon

1982

Entomophaga

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Data on the toxicity and selectivity of synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) to arthropod natural enemies and their host or prey are reviewed with emphasis on cotton, apple, alfalfa, cereal and vegetable inhabiting species. Generally, SPs are variably toxic and selective (in relation to their hosts or prey) to species within most families of natural enemies. Exceptions are low to moderate toxicity and favorable selectivity to most hemipteran predators, and high toxicity and unfavorable selectivity to virtually all phytoseiid mites in comparison to their prey. In North America, SPs are more favorably selective to cotton natural enemies over their prey or host than to apple inhabiting species. These differences may be due to intrinsic levels of susceptibility (preselection levels) between the types of natural enemies exploited on both crops in IPM programs (i.e. hemipteran species on cotton versus phytoseiid mites on apple) and/or to tolerances or resistances differences due to previous patterns of chemical use on these crops. Possible means of increasing selective use of SPs in future IPM systems based on ecological and physiological selectivity including the development of SP-resistant predators are discussed.Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are broadspectrum insecticides developed in the late 1970s which control a variety of arthropod pests (ELLIOrr, 1977). Their environmental stability plus low mammalian and high insect toxicity at rates 10-100 times less than other insecticides, make then highly attractive for use on many crops.With integrated pest management (IPM), the desired properties of insecticides have changed appreciably over the past decade (METCALF, 1980; CROFT, 1981). More complete assessment of effects on the entire species complex of the crop, including natural enemies becomes critical. On crops where a single pest predominates [e.g., olive scale, Parlatoria oleae (COLVEE), on olive], species-specific or simple (versus compound) selectivity between a naural enemy and its prey or host may be sufficient for IPM purposes. However, for the major crops (i.e., cotton, soybeans, corn, rice, apples, citrus, etc.), management of large complexes of pests and natural enemies is necessary, but seldom does any chemical have an ideal toxicity spectrum (i.e., provides compound species selectivity). Usually, chemicals are regarded as suitable for IPM, if there are overall cost-(1) Published as journal article 9920, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

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“…Intensive use of chemical insecticides disrupts the natural balance of host-parasitoid systems (Van Den Bosch & Stern, 1962). Insecticide use also causes differential mortality, temporarily eliminates natural enemy food resources (host insects), and creates secondary poisoning of natural enemies-all mechanisms of pest resurgence (Croft & Brown, 1975).…”

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confidence: 99%

Pesticide-induced mortality of natural enemies of the onion maggot,Delia antiqua [Dip.: Anthomyiidae]

1985

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Pesticide-induced differential mortality between Delia antiqua (MEIGEN!and several other organisms associated with its natural control [D. platura(MEIGEN), Coenosia tigrina (F.), Entomophtora muscae (COHN), and Aphaereta pallipes (SAY)] were evaluated under simulated field conditions. Direct and residual differential mortalities were described for 3 herbicides (Chloro-IPC, nitrofen, and CDAA), 3 fungicides (maneb, chtorothalonil, and copper sulfate), and 1 insecticide (malathion). The recommended field application rates of these chemicals produced high positive differential mortality levels between D. antiqua and some of the natural mortality agents. Chloro-IPC, a preplant and midseason herbicide, induced 100 % mortality ofA. pallipes over the 3-day residual test period. Modifications in behavioral orientation and death patterns ofD. antiqua adults infected with E. muscae were also noted in malathion-treated flies such that subsequent conidial dispersal was highly restricted.

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The Integration of Chemical and Biological Control of Arthropod Pests

Cited by 122 publications

References 38 publications

A total system approach to sustainable pest management

A total system approach to sustainable pest management

Selective toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to arthropod natural enemies and pests of agricultural crops

Pesticide-induced mortality of natural enemies of the onion maggot,Delia antiqua [Dip.: Anthomyiidae]

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