The innate immune perspective of autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions

Abstract

Innate immunity is one of two immune defence system arms. It is present at birth and does not require ‘learning’ through exposure to foreign organisms. It activates various mechanisms collectively to eliminate pathogens and hold an infection until the adaptive response are mounted. The innate immune system consists of four elements: the epithelial barrier, cells (e.g. macrophages, NK cells), plasma proteins (e.g. complement) and cytokines. These components act in concert to induce complex processes, as well as recruitment, activation and differentiation of adaptive responses. The innate response is more than just the ‘first line of defence’, as it essentially withholds the vast majority of any intruder, has a complex interplay with the adaptive arm and is crucial for survival of the host. Finally, yet importantly, a myriad of diseases has been linked with innate immune dysregulation. In this mini-review we will shed some light on these conditions, particularly regarding autoinflammatory ones.

Synergistic Activation of Toll-Like and NOD Receptors by Complementary Antigens as Facilitators of Autoimmune Disease: Review, Model and Novel Predictions

“…The innate system is basically comprised of several layers [ 1 ]. The first consists of physical and chemical barriers to infection such as the epidermis, mucus, saliva, tears and the broadly acting antimicrobial proteins such as mucins, lysozyme and lactoferrin that these contain.…”

“…Increasingly, however, it has become apparent that the innate immune system must first be activated in order to stimulate and sustain the adaptive autoimmune response, shifting some of the question of what goes awry during the induction of AD to the innate system. Thus, many investigators have been searching for innate “defects…[and] abnormalities that have been related to inflammatory disorders” [ 1 ].…”

Serjania marginata Casar. hydroalcoholic extract reduced cytokine and inflammatory parameters in experimental models of inflammation and infection in mice

“…The immune and in ammatory process respond promptly to the presence of infectious pathogens. If the infectious pathogens persist, the body develops an adaptative immune and in ammatory response (Frizinsky et al, 2019, Doddam et al, 2019. For the discovery of potential anti-in ammatory/antiinfective agents, the infectious pathogens or PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) could be used in experimental models.…”

“…For the discovery of potential anti-in ammatory/antiinfective agents, the infectious pathogens or PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) could be used in experimental models. The in ammatory response to live infectious agents and PAMPs depends on several components, such as leukocytes, receptor pattern recognition receptors (PRR), the complement system, pro-in ammatory mediators, cytokines, among others (Frizinsky et al, 2019;Sonnenberg and Hepworth, 2019;Kumar et al, 2020;Mookherjee et al, 2020). Pharmacological control of an in ammatory response to an aggressive pathogen is carried out using antibiotics.…”

The association between severe or dead COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…COVID-19 is an acute inflammatory infectious disease. It is now generally accepted that the occurrence of autoimmune diseases is related to autoinflammatory 8 . Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, Zachary SW and colleagues proposed three key reasons that COVID-19 may affect patients with autoimmune diseases 9 .…”