The innate immune gene Relish and Caudal jointly contribute to the gut immune homeostasis by regulating antimicrobial peptides in Galleria mellonella

Sarvari, Mehdi; Mikani, Azam; Mehrabadi, Mohammad

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2020.103732

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…To further reveal the effect of BbLac2 mutation or overexpression on immune system of the host insect, expression of 3 Toll pathway genes, Spätzle , Dorsal and BGBP1 (β‐1,3‐glucan binding protein gene) (Padhi and Verghese, 2008; Sarvari et al ., 2020) and 14 antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes (Yuan et al ., 2020) were examined in fat bodies at 12 h after intrahaemoceol injection of conidia. Significantly upregulation of 3 Toll pathway genes (0.2–0.8‐fold) and 11 AMP genes (0.6–2.9‐fold) were examined in the Δ BbLac2 ‐inoculated insects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional role of a fungal pathogen‐secreted laccase 2 in evasion of insect immune defense

Deng

Wang

et al. 2021

Environmental Microbiology

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Summary Laccases are widely present in bacteria, fungi, plants and invertebrates and involved in a variety of physiological functions. Here, we report that Beauveria bassiana, an economic important entomopathogenic fungus, secretes a laccase 2 (BbLac2) during infection that detoxifies insect immune response‐generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interferes with host immune phenoloxidase (PO) activation. BbLac2 is expressed in fungal cells during proliferation in the insect haemocoel and can be found to distribute on the surface of haemolymph‐derived in vivo fungal hyphal bodies or be secreted. Targeted gene‐knockout of BbLac2 increased fungal sensitivity to oxidative stress, decreased virulence to insect, and increased host PO activity. Strains overexpressing BbLac2 showed increased virulence, with reduced host PO activity and lowered ROS levels in infected insects. In vitro assays revealed that BbLac2 could eliminate ROS and oxidize PO substrates (phenols), verifying the enzymatic functioning of the protein in detoxification of cytotoxic ROS and interference with the PO cascade. Moreover, BbLac2 acted as a cell surface protein that masked pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), enabling the pathogen to evade immune recognition. Our data suggest a multifunctional role for fungal pathogen‐secreted laccase 2 in evasion of insect immune defenses.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional role of a fungal pathogen‐secreted laccase 2 in evasion of insect immune defense

Deng

Wang

et al. 2021

Environmental Microbiology

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“…On the other hand, the IMD pathway in insects responds to Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Peptidoglycan (PGN) monomers or polymers from Gram-negative bacteria and secretions from fungi stimulate PGN recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC) and induce a series of cascade reactions [83]; the N-terminus of the nuclear factor Relish translocates to the nucleus and induces the transcriptional upregulation of AMP expression, which ultimately leads to the formation of AMPs in insects [84]. Additionally, these two signaling pathways act independently and lead to the induction of AMP production by transferring essential proteins into the nucleus [85].…”

Section: Amp Induction Of Immune Signaling Pathways In Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Peptides from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Potential Antimicrobial Factors Representing an Alternative to Antibiotics in Livestock Farming

Xia

Yao

2021

Animals

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Functional antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important class of effector molecules of innate host immune defense against pathogen invasion. Inability of microorganisms to develop resistance against the majority of AMPs has made them alternatives to antibiotics, contributing to the development of a new generation of antimicrobials. Due to extensive biodiversity, insects are one of the most abundant sources of novel AMPs. Notably, black soldier fly insect (BSF; Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)) feeds on decaying substrates and displays a supernormal capacity to survive under adverse conditions in the presence of abundant microorganisms, therefore, BSF is one of the most promising sources for identification of AMPs. However, discovery, functional investigation, and drug development to replace antibiotics with AMPs from Hermetia illucens remain in a preliminary stage. In this review, we provide general information on currently verified AMPs of Hermetia illucens, describe their potential medical value, discuss the mechanism of their synthesis and interactions, and consider the development of bacterial resistance to AMPs in comparison with antibiotics, aiming to provide a candidate for substitution of antibiotics in livestock farming or, to some extent, for blocking the horizontal transfer of resistance genes in the environment, which is beneficial to human and animal welfare.

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“…In addition to the regulation of the formation of body sections during Drosophila embryogenesis [39,57,58], cad has also been shown to repress the expressions of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in Drosophila midguts [41] and to function in the regulation of innate immune homeostasis [41,[62][63][64][65][66]. Although the immune function of cad in intestinal epithelia has been well studied [41,[62][63][64][65][66], the roles of cad in ISCs and progenitor cells and how it regulates gut epithelial homeostasis were largely ignored. This study showed that deletion of cad in EBs induced EB-to-EC differentiation, while overexpression of cad inhibited EC formation.…”

Section: Plos Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging-related upregulation of the homeobox gene caudal represses intestinal stem cell differentiation in Drosophila

Tang

Zhang

et al. 2021

PLoS Genet

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The differentiation efficiency of adult stem cells undergoes a significant decline in aged animals, which is closely related to the decline in organ function and age-associated diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms that ultimately lead to this observed decline of the differentiation efficiency of stem cells remain largely unclear. This study investigated Drosophila midguts and identified an obvious upregulation of caudal (cad), which encodes a homeobox transcription factor. This factor is traditionally known as a central regulator of embryonic anterior-posterior body axis patterning. This study reports that depletion of cad in intestinal stem/progenitor cells promotes quiescent intestinal stem cells (ISCs) to become activate and produce enterocytes in the midgut under normal gut homeostasis conditions. However, overexpression of cad results in the failure of ISC differentiation and intestinal epithelial regeneration after injury. Moreover, this study suggests that cad prevents intestinal stem/progenitor cell differentiation by modulating the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of the transcription pathway and Sox21a-GATAe signaling cascade. Importantly, the reduction of cad expression in intestinal stem/progenitor cells restrained age-associated gut hyperplasia in Drosophila. This study identified a function of the homeobox gene cad in the modulation of adult stem cell differentiation and suggested a potential gene target for the treatment of age-related diseases induced by age-related stem cell dysfunction.

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The innate immune gene Relish and Caudal jointly contribute to the gut immune homeostasis by regulating antimicrobial peptides in Galleria mellonella

Cited by 34 publications

References 49 publications

Multifunctional role of a fungal pathogen‐secreted laccase 2 in evasion of insect immune defense

Multifunctional role of a fungal pathogen‐secreted laccase 2 in evasion of insect immune defense

Antimicrobial Peptides from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Potential Antimicrobial Factors Representing an Alternative to Antibiotics in Livestock Farming

Aging-related upregulation of the homeobox gene caudal represses intestinal stem cell differentiation in Drosophila

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