The initial chest x-ray in acute myocardial infarction. Prediction of early and late mortality and survival.

Effect of multidisciplinary disease management for hospitalized heart failure under a national health insurance programme

“…Enrollment criteria included patients with typical signs and symptoms of heart failure and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification II to IV, who were hospitalized because of acute cardiogenic pulmonary congestion based on chest X-rays (grade ! I according to the classification by Battler et al 12 ) after noncardiogenic causes were excluded; with structural abnormalities documented by echocardiograms; and between 20 and 85 years of age. Both patients with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and those with preserved LVEF were enrolled.…”

Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction: Clinical Implications and Treatment

“…However, some patients with normal chest x-rays may have hemodynamic cardiogenic disorders. 10 Echocardiography is the most widespread method for determining the degree of ventricular dysfunction following MI and to exclude mechanical complications. 11 Other less common modalities to assess cardiac morphology and function after MI include nuclear imaging (SPECT), computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.…”

40 years since Killip clinical classification

“…An inadequately precise definition of the II and III classes, due to clinical diagnosis of heart failure is a shortcoming of this index. Although the chest X-ray may determine signs of left ventricular dysfunction within the majority of patients and may help in risk stratification, others with normal chest Xray have signs of hemodynamic cardiogenic disorder [9]. The results obtained by Bergstra et al have determined that a large proportion of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients without clinical signs of heart failure have moderate or even severe elevation of right-as well as leftsided cardiac filling pressures [10].…”