The Inhibitory Effects of Eckol and Dieckol from Ecklonia stolonifera on the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Abstract

The skin aging process can be considered to be due to intrinsic aging and photoaging. [1][2][3] The intrinsic aging is due to chronologic damage caused by slow and irreversible tissue degeneration whereas the photoaging is primarily the results of UV exposure.2,3) Clinically, chronologically aged skin is smooth, pale, and finely wrinkled. In contrast, photoaged skin is coarsely wrinkled and associated with dyspigmentation and telangiectasia. 1,4) Alterations of collagen, the major structural component of skin, in dermis layer have been suggested to be causes of the clinical changes observed in naturally aged and photoaged skin. 5,6) This collagen deficiency may arise from its reduced synthesis as well as increased degradation with a concomitant elevation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. Ultraviolet irradiation induces the synthesis of MMP in human skin in vivo, and MMP-mediated collagen destruction accounts, in large part, for the connective tissue damage that occurs in photoaging. 7) Therefore, it is believed that the restoration of the collagen deficiency in aged human skin by the induction of new collagen synthesis and/or by the reduction of MMP will present a possible strategy for preventing and treating the clinical manifestations of skin aging, namely, wrinkles and skin laxity. MMPs can be divided into four categories based on the substrate preference: collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, and membrane-type MMPs. 8)Among human MMPs reported previously, MMP-1, which is an interstitial collagenase, is mainly responsible for the degradation of dermal collagen in human skin aging process. 9,10) Marine natural products provide a rich source of chemical diversity that can be used to design and develop new, potentially useful therapeutic agents. In this study, therefore, we tried to screen active compounds from 29 marine natural products which would be able to inhibit MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts and isolated eckol and dieckol from Ecklonia stolonifera which are major and active compounds to inhibit MMP-1 expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary Human Dermal Fibroblast Cell Culture and Cytotoxicity TestPrimary human foreskin fibroblasts were established by outgrowth from biopsies of healthy donor of 10 years old, which was performed under the consent of volunteer, and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's media (DMEM) supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in a humidified 5% CO 2 atmosphere at 37°C. Cultured cells at passages 4-10 were used for the experiments. For treatment, primary human dermal fibroblasts were maintained on culture media without FBS for 48 h. Cytotoxicity of cells was determined by the MTS assay (Promega, Madison, WI, U.S.A.) according to the manufacturer's instruction.Preparation of Seaweed Extracts Twenty nine different species of seaweed were harvested in the seashore in East Sea, Korea, and identified. The seaweeds were homogenized and crude components were extracted three times with methanol. The filtered supernatan...

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Phlorotannins from Edible Brown Algae,Ecklonia stoloniferaandEisenia bicyclis

“…17) Phlorotannins are secondary metabolites polymerizing phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) through an ether, phenyl, or 1,4-dibenzodioxin linkage. These polyphenolic compounds are responsible for a variety of bioactivities, including anti-diabetic complications, 17,18) and antitumorial, 19) hepatoprotective, 20) anti-plasmin inhibiting, 21) algicidal, 22) tyrosinase inhibiting, 23) antiinflammatory, 24,25) nitrite-scavenging, 26) anti-skin aging, 27,28) antioxidative, [29][30][31] anti-cholinesterase, 32,33) antiAlzheimer, 34) anti-hyperlipidemic, 35) anti-diabetic, [36][37][38][39] anti-allergic, 40) and angiotensin converting enzyme-I inhibitory activities. 41) As part of our continuous search for antidiabetic agents from natural sources, we investigated the MeOH extract and solvent-soluble fractions of the two selected brown algae, E. stolonifera and E. bicyclis, together with six isolated phlorotannins against -glucosidase and PTP1B.…”

Applications for Marine Resources in Cosmetics

“…Many seaweed species have been evaluated for their MMP inhibitory capabilities [48]. E. stolonifera derived phenolic compounds eckol and dieckol showed strong inhibitions of MMP-1 expression [55]. Moreover, 6,6 -bieckol derived from Ecklonia cava have been shown to significantly downregulate the expressions of MMP-2 and -9 through the activation of the NF-κB pathway [56].…”

Immunomodulatory Effects of Supplementation with Extracts from the Marine Brown Alga Eisenia bicyclis on Macrophages

“…They contain the storage polysaccharide laminarin, alginate, fucoxanthin and fucoidan with immunological activities (Joe et al, 2006).…”